1. Lecture Overview Theories & Concepts of Motivation Theories & Concepts of Motivation Motivation & the brain Theories & Concepts of Emotion Theories & Concepts of Emotion ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

2. Theories & Concepts of Motivation: Important Definitions Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct, & maintain behavior, usually toward some goal Emotion: subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions, & expressions ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

3. Theories & Concepts of Emotion Three Components of Emotions 1.Physiological-- arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) & autonomic nervous system (ANS) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

4. Theories & Concepts of Emotion Research Highlight Mirror Neurons: brain cells that fire both when performing specific actions and when observing specific actions or emotions of another; this “mirroring” may explain empathy, imitation, language, etc. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

5. Physiological Component & the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

6. Theories & Concepts of Emotion Three Components of Emotion (Continued) 2.Cognitive--thoughts, values, & expectations 3.Behavioral--expressions, gestures, & body positions ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

7. Can you identify the social smile vs. the genuine, “Duchenne” smile? Real smiles involve muscles around both the eyes & cheeks. (Duchenne was a 19 th C. neurologist who studied emotions & muscles.) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

8. Theories & Concepts of Emotion-- Four Theories of Emotion James-Lange: subjective experience of emotion follows bodily arousal Cannon-Bard: arousal & emotion occur simultaneously Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit arousal & specific emotions Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal & label (or interpretation) produce emotion ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

10. Culture, Evolution, & Emotion Cultural similarities & differences: 7 to 10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, & where to express emotions Role of evolution: strong biological, evolutionary basis for emotional expression & decoding ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

12. Facing our Fears ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010