1. Immunohistochemistry

2. Introduction
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) combines histological, immunological and biochemical techniques for the identification of specific tissue components by means of a specific antigen/antibody reaction tagged with a visible label.
IHC makes it possible to visualize the distribution and localization of specific cellular components within a cell or tissue.

3. IHC is an application of antibodies to tissue preparation for the localization of target antigens:
Wide range of specific antibodies
Highly sensitive detection system

4. Immunohistochemistry utilizes labeled antibodies to localize specific cell and tissue antigens, and is among the most sensitive and specific histochemical techniques.
Because many targeted antigens are proteins whose structure might be altered by fixation and clearing, so frozen sections are commonly used.
In some cases, paraffin wax can be used for embedding.

5. Immunohistochemistry assays may use
cells on slides
Cells grown, spun into a pellet, frozen or paraffin embedded and sectioned
Cells grown as a monolayer
OR use tissue sections that are frozen or paraffin embedded
Sections from tissues contain many different kinds of cells
as well as extra-cellular matrix components

6. If the tissue is frozen Unfixed: Acetone fixed:
The sections may need to be used in immunohisto-assays as
Unfixed:
Advantage: antigens are unaltered
Disadvantage: sections may fall off slide during staining
Acetone fixed:
- precipitates proteins onto cell surface---may extract lipids
- is needed for many of the “CD” antibodies
Paraformaldehyde fixed:
- needs to be freshly made, or frozen soon after
Tissue section on glass slide: Frozen

7. If the tissue is paraffin embedded
- Deparaffinize ( remove the infiltrated paraffin wax, by using organic solvents)
- The section then needs to be rehydrated, by sequential immersion
in graded alcohols (100%, 70% , 50% and then PBS)
- The deparaffinized section may need to be treated to expose buried antigenic epitopes with either proteases or by heating in low pH citrate buffer , or high pH EDTA buffer (Antigen Retrieval)
Tissue section: Paraffin embedded

8. Principle
The principle of immunohistochemistry is to localize antigens in tissue sections by the use of labeled antibodies as specific reagents through antigen-antibody interactions that are visualized by a marker such as fluorescent dye, enzyme, radioactive element or colloidal gold.

9. Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
Glycoprotein that are produced by plasma cells and used by the immune system to identify and neutralise foreign objects, ie. bacteria and viruses
• Recognise a specific Antigen- mainly proteins, glycoprotein, polysaccharides
• Complementary Determining Region

10. Antigen Detection

11. Antibodies binding to Antigens

12. Antigens

13. A. Raising Antibodies:
Repeated injection of antigens (proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and some polysaccharides) causes the injected animal's B lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies.
Members of a lymphocyte clone (descendents of a single lymphocyte) produce a single type of antibody, which binds to a specific antigenic site, or epitope.

14. Polyclonal antibodies: Large complex antigens may have multiple epitopes and elicit several antibody types. Mixtures of different antibodies to a single antigen are called polyclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies: Antibodies specific for a single epitope and produced by a single clone are called monoclonal antibodies and are commonly raised in mice.

15. B. Labeling Antibodies:
Antibodies are not visible with standard microscopy and must be labeled in a manner that does not interfere with their binding specificity.
Common labels include fluorochromes (eg, fluorescein, rhodamine), enzymes demonstrable via enzyme histochemical techniques (eg, peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase), and electron-scattering compounds for use in electron microscopy (eg, ferritin, colloidal gold).

16. Method
Direct Method
Indirect Method
PAP Method

17. Direct Method
Labeled Antibody
Tissue Antigen

18. Two-Step Indirect Method
Secondary Antibody
Primary Antibody
Tissue Antigen

19. PAP Method (peroxidase anti-peroxidase method)

20. Applications Cancer diagnostics differential diagnosis
Treatment of cancer
Research

21. General Immunohistochemistry Protocol

22. Part 1 Tissue preparation 1. Fixation 2. Sectioning
Fresh unfixed, fixed, or formalin fixation and paraffin embedding
2. Sectioning
3. Whole Mount Preparation

23. Part 2 pretreatment 1. Antigen retrieval
Proteolytic enzyme method and Heat-induced method
2. Inhibition of endogenous tissue components
3% H2O2, 0.01% avidin
3. Blocking of nonspecific sites
10% normal serum

24. staining
Part 3
Make a selection based on the type of specimen, the primary antibody, the degree of sensitivity and the processing time required.

25. Controls Positive Control Negative Control
It is to test for a protocol or procedure used.
It will be ideal to use the tissue of known positive as a control.
Negative Control
It is to test for the specificity of the antibody involved.

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