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European Colonisations in the Americas Major phases of colonisation 16c: Spanish and Portuguese 17c: Dutch, French, English 18c: Russian
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Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta Genesis: The Search for the Indies Europeans in Asia: the spice routes Travels of Niccolo and Matteo Polo, 1256 Marco Polo, 1275 Closure of land routes in 14c: Black Death; end of Tartar empire; conversion of Ottoman Turks
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Europeans in Africa Portuguese explorations in 15c: myth of Prester John gold and slaves; conquest in North Africa)
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Prester John
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Exploration into the Atlantic Portugal and Castille (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands) Why Spanish and Portuguese Expansion? Westward route to the Indies: the voyages of Columbus
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Spain and America Columbus’s ‘Discovery of America’ Columbus’s Aims Columbus’s Ideas about the Indies First Settlements: Hispaniola and Cuba Role of the Spanish Crown Significance of Spanish settlements in Caribbean Impact on ‘Indians’
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The Nina
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Cantino map, 1503
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Explorations and discoveries on the American continents Expeditions in the Caribbean and circum- Caribbean Towards the Pacific and South America Towards Mexico: the Yucatán Peninsula and beyond Impulses behind exploration Conquest of Aztecs, 1519-21 Conquest of Incas, 1533-36
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Spaniards and settlement Organisation of the conquering bands Social composition: who were the ‘conquistadores’? Motives of conquistadores Role of religion Connections with Reconquista in Spain?
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Preconquest America
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Conquest of Mexico Aztec Civilisation: Strengths and Weaknesses. Spanish Encounter with Mexicans, 1519 Victory at Tenochtitlan, 1521 Establishment of Spanish Dominance The conundrum of conquest: explanations
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Native American responses to European contact Why were the Aztec and Inca empires vulnerable to Spanish conquest? Technology Disease Cultural differences Political divisions among native peoples
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The Portuguese in America Discovery of the ‘land of the true cross’: Cabral (1500) Portuguese and Indians: brasil wood; Indian enslavement; sugar. Differences between Spanish and Portuguese settlements Why Portuguese neglect of America in first half of 16c?
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