1. CS 192 Lecture 12 Winter 2003 December 31, 2003 - January 1, 2004 Dr. Shafay Shamail

2. Pointer Points to an item Holds the memory address of the item Has its own memory storage Occupies space in memory Hence can itself be accessed too Allows C/C++ to support dynamic memory allocation If x contains the address of y, x is said to “point to” y Pointer variables are declared as type *var-name; e.g.int *p;pointer p contains the memory address of an int variable float *fl;points to a float variable

3. Assumptions characters are one byte in length integers are four bytes long floats are four bytes long doubles are eight bytes long

4. & address of * value at address &aaddress of variable a *pcontents of location pointed to by variable p Pointer Operators

5. & (address operator) –a unary operator that returns the memory address of its operand. int balance = 350; int *balptr; balptr = &balance; This address is the location of the variable in memory, it has nothing to do with the value of balance. Pointer Operators

6. * (indirection operator) –Is the complement of &. –It is a unary operator that returns the value of variable located at address specified by its operand. int balance = 350; int *balptr; balptr = &balance; int value; value = *balptr; // what does value contain? Pointer Operators

7. Pointers int a=1, b=2, *p; Picture in memory at this point: p=&a; //p is assigned the address of a b=*p; //b is assigned the value pointed to by p As p points to a, the statement b=*p is equivalent to b=a abp 12 abp 12 ? abp 11

8. int main() { int balance; int *balptr; int value; balance= 3200; balptr= &balance; value= *balptr; cout << "balance is: " << value << '\n'; cout << "Memory address where balance is stored is: ” << balptr << endl; return 0; } Pointer Operators

9. Output balance is: 3200 Memory address where balance is stored is: 0012FF7C (Note memory address may be different when you run it on your machine)

10. value = *balptr; The compiler transfers the proper number of bytes according to base type. int *p; double f; //... p = &f; // ERROR Base Type

11. int *p; int x = 12; p=&x; cout << x << endl; //Assign a value to the location pointed to by p *p = 101; cout << x << endl;//what is value of x? cout << *p << endl; cout << p << endl; cout << &x << endl; Assigning Values Through a Pointer

12. Assigning values through a pointer 12 101 0012FF78

13. (*p)++; //increment value to the location pointed to by p int main() { int *p, num; p = &num; *p = 454; cout << num << ' '; (*p)++; /*parentheses are necessary because * operator has lower precedence than ++operator */ cout << num << ' '; (*p) - -; cout << num << '\n'; return 0; }//Output? Assigning Values Through a Pointer

14. //Output is 454 455 454 Assigning Values Through a Pointer

15. There are only four arithmetic operators that can be used on pointers: ++, --, +, - Let p1 be an integer pointer which contains the address 5000 p1++;// now p1 will be 5004 Each time p1 is incremented, it shall point to the next integer. p1--; will cause p1 to be 4996 if initially it was 5000. Pointer Arithmetic

16. Let p1 be a char pointer which contains the address 4000 p1++;// now p1 will be 4001 Each time p1 is incremented, it shall point to the next character. p1--; will cause p1 to be 3999 if initially it was 4000. Pointer of type other than char shall increase or decrease by length of base type. Pointer Arithmetic

17. You cannot add two pointers You can subtract two pointers (if they are of same base type). Other than –addition or subtraction of a pointer and an integer, OR – csubtraction of two pointers, no other arithmetic operations can be performed on pointers. You cannot add or subtract float or double values. Pointer Arithmetic

18. int main() { int *iptr, a; //which is pointer to int? which is int? double *fptr, b; int x; a = 10; b = 20; iptr = &a; fptr = &b; for ( x = 0; x < 10; x++) cout << iptr+x << " " << fptr+x << '\n'; return 0; } Pointer Arithmetic

19. In C++, there is a close relationship between pointers and arrays. Two examples Pointers and Arrays

20. int main() { int *iptr; int iarray[4] = { 5, 6, 7, 8}; iptr = iarray; cout << iptr << " " << iarray << “\n”; cout << iptr[0] << " " << iarray[0] << “\n”; cout << *(iptr+1) << " " << iarray[1] <<“\n”; return 0; } //Output? Pointers and Arrays

21. Output is: 0012FF6C 5 6 Pointers and Arrays

22. int b[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100}; int *bptr = b;// set bPtr to point to array b int *b2ptr= b+5; /* set b2Ptr to point to sixth element of array b */ cout << "b[" << 5 << "] = " << b[5] << endl; cout << "*b2ptr = " << *b2ptr << endl; cout << "(b2ptr - bptr) = " << (b2ptr - bptr) << endl; Pointers and Arrays

23. int b[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100}; int *bptr = b;// set bPtr to point to array b int *b2ptr= b+5; /* set b2Ptr to point to sixth element of array b */ cout << "b[" << 5 << "] = " << b[5] << endl; cout << "*b2ptr = " << *b2ptr << endl; cout << "(b2ptr - bptr) = " << (b2ptr - bptr) << endl; Output is: b[5] = 60 *b2ptr= 60 (b2ptr - bptr) = 5 Pointers and Arrays

24. int i1[4]={5,6,7,8}; int i2[4]={1,2,3,4}; i2=i1; //NOT ALLOWED Why? /*name of array is a constant that points to beginning of array*/ char str1[]=“i am a string”; char str2[]=“i am a string”; str1==str2; //WRONG way of string comaprison Pointers may be compared in C++ using relational operators like >, >=, <, <=, == etc, but they must have some relationship to be meaningful Pointers and Arrays

25. int i1[4]={5,6,7,8}; int i2[4]={1,2,3,4}; int*ptr1=i1; int *ptr2; ptr2=ptr1; //this is ok Pointers and Arrays

26. int i1[4]={5,6,7,8}; What is wrong with the following statement? i1++; //The following is ok int *iptr=i1; iptr++; cout<<*iptr; //The following is ok *(i1+3) = 100; // This is OK because i1 has not changed Pointers and Arrays

27. int b[] = {10, 20, 30, 40}; int *bptr = b; // set bptr to point to array b cout << "Array b printed with:" << endl << "Array subscript notation" << endl; for (int i = 0; i <= 3; i++) cout <<b[i] << endl; cout << "Pointer subscript notation" << endl; for (i = 0; i <= 3; i++) cout << bptr[i] << endl; Using Subscripting and Pointer Notations with Arrays

28. int offset; cout << "Pointer/offset notation where" << endl << "the pointer is the array name" << endl; for (offset = 0; offset <= 3; offset++) cout << *(b + offset) << endl; cout <<"Pointer/offset notation" << endl; for (offset = 0; offset <= 3; offset++) cout << *(bptr + offset) << endl; Using Subscripting and Pointer Notations with Arrays

29. int *iptr; int iarray[4] = {5,6,7,8}; iptr = iarray; cout << iptr << " " << iarray <<endl; cout << iptr[0] << " " << iarray[0]<< endl ; cout << &iptr[0] << " " << &iarray[0]<< endl; Using Subscripting and Pointer Notations with Arrays

30. int main() { int a[3] = {10, 20, 30}; double b[3] = {10.5, 20.5, 30.5}; int *iptr; double *fptr; int x, size=3; iptr = a; //name of array is a constant that points to beginning of array fptr = b; for(x=0; x<size; x++) { cout << iptr+x << " " << fptr+x << '\n'; cout <<*( iptr+x) << " " <<*( fptr+x) << '\n'; cout << *iptr+x << " " << *fptr+x << '\n'; } return 0; } //pointer-add example Pointer Arithmetic

31. Output: 0x0012FF74 0x0012FF5C 10 10.5 0x0012FF78 0x0012FF64 20 20.5 11 11.5 0x0012FF7C 0x0012FF6C 30 30.5 12 12.5 Pointer Arithmetic

32. int a[3] = {1, 2, 3}; int *iptr; iptr = a; //what is the difference between *iptr++ and (*iptr)++ and *(iptr++)? cout<<*iptr++; cout<<*++iptr; cout<<(*iptr)++; cout<<++(*iptr); cout<<*(iptr++); cout<<*(++iptr); Pointer Arithmetic

33. int a[3] = {1, 5, 9}; int *iptr; iptr = a; //what is the difference between *iptr++ and (*iptr)++ and *(iptr++)? Output: (looking at each statement independently) cout<<*iptr++;//1 cout<<*++iptr;//5 cout<<(*iptr)++;//1 cout<<++(*iptr);//2 cout<<*(iptr++);//1 cout<<*(++iptr);//5 Pointer Arithmetic

34. int a[3]={1, 5, 9}; int *iptr; iptr = a; Self Test: what is output if the statements are executed one after the other? //Be-careful is there array overrun? garbage values? cout<<*iptr++; cout<<*++iptr; cout<<(*iptr)++; cout<<++(*iptr); cout<<*(iptr++); cout<<*(++iptr); Self Test: Pointer Arithmetic

35. What is wrong here? int* myptr; *myptr=32; Self Test-2

36. What is output here? int x=235; int a[3]={1, 5, 9}; cout<<*(&x); cout<<*(&a[1]); Self Test

37. Pointers & Arrays Is anything wrong with the following: int num[3]; int i; for(i=0; i<10; i++) { *num = i; // is this OK? num++; // is this OK? } Can’t modify num. Can’t modify a pointer constant (an array’s name) But this is ok: int num[3]= {0, 1, 2}; int *p = num; *(p++);

38. Pointers & Strings A string constant, like an array name, is treated by the compiler as a pointer char *p = “abc”; cout<<p<<endl<<p+1<<endl<<*p<<endl<<*(p+1); //output? abcbcab p is assigned the base address of the character array “abc”. String printed till null character, as usual Can we use such expressions: “abc”[1] and *(“abc” + 2) Of course, output is b and c respectively a b c \0 p

39. Pointer Comparisons Pointers may be compared using relational operators (e.g. ==, ). To be meaningful, pointers should be of same type int num[10]; int *start, *end; start = num; end = &num[9]; while(start!=end) { cout << "Enter a number: "; cin >> *start; start++; } start = num; /* reset the starting pointer */ while(start!=end) { cout << *start << ' '; start++; } … start end num

40. Arrays of Pointers Can sure do that like other data types e.g. int *zztop[10]; //array of 10 int pointers Now, say int var; zztop[3]=&var; *zztop[3]; Arrays of pointers to strings commonly used char *fortunes[] = { "Soon, you will come into some money.\n", "A new love will enter your life.\n", "You will live long and prosper.\n", "Now is a good time to invest for the future.\n", "A close friend will ask for a favor.\n" }; cout << fortunes[1] << endl << fortunes<<endl << *(fortunes) << endl << *(fortunes[2]) << endl; Output: A new love will enter your life 0012FFC6 Soon, you will come into some money Y

41. Arrays of Pointers Two dimensional string pointers e.g. C++ dictionary char *keyword[][2] = { "for", "for(initialization; condition; increment)", "if", "if(condition)... else...", "switch", "switch(value) { case-list }", "while", "while(condition)...", // add the rest of the C++ keywords here "", "" // terminate the list with nulls }; int main() { char str[80]; int i; cout << "Enter keyword: "; cin >> str; for(i=0; *keyword[i][0]; i++) if(!strcmp(keyword[i][0], str)) cout << keyword[i][1]; return 0; }

42. Array of Strings vs. Array of Pointers Spot the difference:  char movies[5][20] = {“Godfather”, “Maula Jatt”, “A Fish Called Wanda”, “Blade Runner”, “Spiderman”};  char *movies[5] = {“Godfather”, “Maula Jatt”, “A Fish Called Wanda”, “Blade Runner”, “Spiderman”}; In the first case, each column is 20 characters wide due to the longest movie name; wasted space In the second case, the strings are placed contiguously in memory without wasting space; pointers in the array movie point to them

43. The new operator int *x_ptr = new int; OR int *xptr; xptr = new int; //heap Dynamic Allocation

44. int *xptr=new int; *xptr = 73; int *x2ptr = new int; *x2ptr = 65; Dynamic Allocation

45. What is wrong here? int *xptr = new int; *xptr = 73; int *x2ptr; *x2ptr=65; Dynamic Allocation

46. int *xptr = new int; *xptr = 73; int *x2ptr; x2ptr = xptr; *x2ptr = 65; Dynamic Allocation

47. //What is wrong here? int *xptr = new int; *xptr = 73; int *x2ptr = new int; x2ptr = xptr; *x2ptr = 65; //memory leak Dynamic Allocation

48. int *myptr = new int(73); cout << *myptr; delete myptr; Dynamic Allocation

49. const int SIZE = 10; double *ptr = new double[SIZE]; /*10 element array*/ int i; for (i=0; i<SIZE; i++) { ptr[i] = 2.0*i; } for (i=0; i<SIZE; i++) { cout << ptr[i] << endl; } delete []ptr; Dynamic Allocation

50. int *intPtr; int i[10]={10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19}; char *charPtr; char c[]="We are testing char pointers"; intPtr = i; charPtr = c; cout << i <<" "<< c << endl; cout << intPtr << " " << charPtr << '\n'; cout << *intPtr <<" "<< i[0] << '\n'; Char Pointers

51. 0x0012FF54 We are testing char pointers 10 char pointers

52. When the compiler encounters a string constant, it stores it in the program string table and generates a pointer to the string. char *s; s = "Pointers are fun to use.\n"; cout << s; char s2[]="Pointers are fun to use.\n"; cout << s2; Char Pointers

53. int size; cin>>size; int* array=new int[size]; int i; for (i=0; i<size; i++) { array[i]=2*i; } for (i=0; i<size; i++) { cout<<array[i]<<endl; } delete []array; Pointers - Dynamic Allocation

54. This program scans the input string, copying characters from the string into another array, called token, until a space is encountered. It prints the token and repeats the process until null at end of string is encountered. e.g “This is a test: This is a test Tokenizing Example

55. int main() { char str[80], token[80]; int i, j; cout << "Enter a sentence: "; gets(str); // Read a token at a time from the string. for(i=0; ; i++) { /* Read characters until either a space or the null terminator is encountered. */ for(j=0; str[i]!=' ' && str[i]; j++, i++) { token[j] = str[i]; } token[j] = '\0'; // null terminate the token cout << token << '\n'; if(!str[i]) break; } return 0; } SELF_TEST:Tokenizing Example Using Arrays

56. char str[80], token[80]; int i=0, j=0; cout << "Enter a sentence: "; cout.flush(); gets(str); // Read a token at a time from the string. Tokenizing Example Using Arrays

57. while(str[i]) { j=0; while(str[i]!=' ' && str[i]) { token[j]=str[i]; i++; j++; } token[j]='\0'; if(str[i]) i++; cout << token << '\n'; } Tokenizing Example Using Arrays

58. int main() { char str[80], token[80]; char *p, *q; cout << "Enter a sentence: "; gets(str); p = str; Tokenizing Example Using Pointers

59. // Read a token at a time from the string. while(*p) { q = token; // set q pointing to start of token /* Read characters until either a space or the null terminator is encountered. */ while(*p!=' ' && *p) { *q = *p; q++; p++; } if(*p) p++; // advance past the space *q = '\0'; // null terminate the token cout << token << '\n'; } return 0; } Tokenizing Example Using Pointers