1. Comparative Social Welfare Approaches, Focus and Issues

2. Comparative Research? n Comparison of two or more n Goes beyond mere description n Discrete field of study n 3 focuses: Why (the reasons) How (the system) What (the outcomes)

3. History of comparative study n Becoming popular in 20th century n Reasons: 1. transnational issues; 2. globalization; 3. availability of comparable data; 4. Formation of regional / international bodies.

4. Do you know them?

5. Contributions of comparative study n theorization; n policy improvement; n solving the problem in an international platform.

6. Methodology n Natures: 1. descriptive vs explanatory & analytical 2. looking for similarity vs difference 3. deductive vs. reductive n Methods: 1. case-oriented vs variable orientated approach; 2. qualitative vs quantitative n Units / levels of comparison

7. Limitations n Theoretical n Methodological for qualitative methodology for quantitative methodology n Organizational n Policy relevancy / transferability