2. The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc. Anabolism- build up of complex molecules Catabolism- break down of complex molecules Metabolism

3. Fates of Organic Building Blocks in ATP Metabolism ORGANIC BUILDING BLOCK MOLECULES Monosaccharides Amino acids Acetates Nucleotide bases Polymers & other energy rich molecules CO 2 & H 2 O anabolic processes catabolic processes ATP ADP+Pi energy

4. Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 36ADP + 36P i  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36ATP

5. Basic Steps Involved Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport System Acetyl CoA Formation 1 2 3 4

6. Overview of Glycolysis

7. Other Metabolic Pathways Fats Glycogen Protein

9. Glycolysis CCCCCC CCCCC CCC Net: 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate molecules 4 ATP 2 ATP Glucose 2 PGAL 2 ADP 4 ADP 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD + 2 NADH P C P

10. Balance Sheet for Glycolysis Input 1 Glucose 2 ADP + P i 2 NAD + Output 2 Pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH

11. Transition Reaction

12. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Transition Reaction

13. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

14. Balance Sheet for the Transition Reaction and Krebs Cycle Input 2 Pyruvate 2 ADP + 2 P i 8 NAD + 2 FAD Output 6 CO 2 2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH 2

15. Krebs Cycle Handles other substrates Intermediate molecules used: proteins and lipids Replenishment of intermediates necessary Hans Krebs (1937): paper originally rejected

16. Krebs Cycle Takes 2 complete cycles 8 steps, each with an enzyme

17. Krebs Cycle 3

18. Oxidative Phosphorylation Chemiosmosis Electrons are transferred from complex to complex and some of their energy is used to pump protons (H + ) into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. ATP synthesis is powered by the flow of H + back across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase.

19. Each Glucose Molecule CO 2 6 NADH10 FADH 2 2 ATP4

20. Electron Transport System CO 2 6 NADH10 FADH 2 2 ATP4 used to make ATP

21. Electron Transport System 4

23. +Pi

24. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation Electrons are delivered to O, forming O – O – attracts H + to form H 2 O

25. Figure 24.9 Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron trans- port chain and oxidative phosphorylation Enzyme Complex I Enzyme Complex III Enzyme Complex IV Enzyme Complex II NADH+H + FADH 2 Free energy relative to O 2 (kcal/mol)

26. Electronic Energy Gradient Transfer of energy from NADH + H + and FADH 2 to oxygen releases large amounts of energy This energy is released in a stepwise manner through the electron transport chain

27. ATP Synthase Two major parts connected by a rod 1.Rotor in the inner mitochondrial membrane 2.Knob in the matrix Works like an ion pump in reverse

28. Figure 24.11 Mitochondrial matrix Intermembrane space ADP + A stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary. As the rotor spins, a rod connecting the cylindrical rotor and knob also spins. The protruding, stationary knob contains three catalytic sites that join inorganic phosphate to ADP to make ATP when the rod is spinning. A rotor in the membrane spins clockwise when H + flows through it down the H + gradient.

29. Net ATP Yield 34 to 36 molecules ATP for every glucose molecule about 40% efficiency ATP

30. Transition cycle

31. Overall ATP Production Electron Transport System34 Citric Acid Cycle2 Glycolysis2 SUBTOTAL38 NADH Transport into Mitochondrion* -2 TOTAL36

32. Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)

33. Lactic Acid Fermentation C Glucose 2 Pyruvate2 Lactic Acid NAD + NADH NAD + NADH (Glycolysis)(Lactic acid fermentation) CCCCCCCCCCC

34. Glucose Pyruvate no O 2 O2O2 Acetyl CoA Ethanol or Lactate Krebs Cycle Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration

35. INQUIRY 1.What is the end product in glycolysis? 2.What substance is produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and feeds into the citric acid cycle? 3.Name a product of fermentation. 4.What role does O2 play in aerobic respiration? 5.What stage during cellular respiration is the most ATP synthesized? 6.What is chemiosmosis? 7.When NAD+ and FAD+ are reduced what do they form? 8.What are they used for?