1. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems

3. PoPs in Swedish Breast Milk

4. Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chlorine Bromine Fluorine

5. Types of PoP Pesticides Industrial Chemicals By-Products

6. Toxicity of PoPs Related to structure Related to ‘most toxic substance’ –2,3,7,8 tetrachloro dibenzo dioxin Toxicity Equivalent - TEQ –Relative Factor of 1 for 2,3,7,8 TCDD

7. Dioxins/Furans 75 individual chlorinated dioxins 135 individual chlorinated furans Very stable & bind to soils and sediment

8. Associated Issues Bioaccumulation – Biomagnification Loss of higher predators Adverse impacts on marine food chains Fish eating – Gt Lakes of North America, Baltic & North Sea Birth defects, reduced aptitude in new born babies Endocrine Disruption

9. pcwww.liv.ac.uk/aquabiol/BIOL202_Web/

10. PCBs – Major Problems Baltic Sea & North Sea Gt Lakes of North America Hudson River Local “difficulties” : –Mersey Estuary & Liverpool Bay

11. Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls 209 Compounds - ca 100 in env Highly inert Introduced 1930s Discovered in environment 1966 by Jensen in Sweden during analysis for DDT 750,000 tonnes manufactured

12. Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls Banned by USEPA in new uses in 1979 Manufacture completely banned in 1984

13. Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls Technical Mixtures –Arochlor 1242 –Arochlor 1254 –Arochlor 1262

14. PCBs

15. Flame Retardents Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

17. Impacts of tissue residues Endocrine Disruption

19. Intersex Mersey Male Flounde r Gonad Intersex Flounder

21. Endocrine Disruption Molluscs –– TBT - IMPOSEX

22. Nucella