1. Buckling Phenomena

2. Stability of Structures P<

3. Elastic Hinge Analysis of Column (independent of  ) (How to find k?)

4. Euler’s Formula for Pin-ended Columns (Eigen-value Problem)

5. Critical Stress in Pin-ended Columns Note: L/r is Slenderness Ratio

6. Consideration in Section Property Note: In the above formula, I is a minimum on the cross-section. Therefore, the buckling of columns has a selective direction. yy y zzz I is isotropic I y = I z I y < I z

7. Extension of Euler’s Formula

8. Euler’s Formula for Clamp-ended Columns

9. Effective Length of Various Columns L