1. Towards an Electronic Kilogram Physics 250 Victor Acosta NOTE: Almost everything in this report was taken from NIST websites.

2. The Old Standard: "Le Gran K" Held In Sevres, France Only 1/7 SI units using physical artifact Δm/m = 30 ppb

3. Ideas for New Standard X-Rays in Si –Avogadro’s #, N A 340 ppb (2003) Watt-balance: EM vs. G –Planck Constant, h 52 ppb (2005) Link to "invariant" quantum phenomena

4. The Watt Balance Balance Gravity Force with EMF Find value for h, Planck’s Constant

5. Physics

6. Animation (if it works)

7. Measurements: Voltage Hg Battery Stabilized I-Source Zener Diode Josephson Array Voltage Determine f with GPS Atomic clock

8. Measurements: Velocity 3 HeNe Laser systems give v and z Easily referenced to Meter standard: λ HeNe = 632.99139822 nm

9. Measurement: Current Use DVM (Josephson ref.) to measure V across R Get R via Quantum Hall Effect DVM

10. Measurement: Gravity Easy to reference gravity! Use nearby gravimeter < 10 meters away Reference with HeNe, GPS When scale is balanced

11. Watt-Balance UC Basic references (error mode)nW/W Mass (force)15 Voltage, square error (current, voltage)2 Resistance (current)10 Time, linear error (voltage, current, velocity)0.5 Length (velocity)3 Local gravity acceleration (force)30 TOTAL RMS52