1. Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and function of all living organisms

2. Categories: Lipids ProteinsNucleic Acids Carbohydrates Biological Compounds

3. Principle Elements Ratio of Various Elements Special Functional Groups

4. Hydroxyl ( -OH ) Carboxyl ( -COOH ) Carbonyl (C=O) OHCO C O OH Alcohols Aldehydes, Ketones Carboxylic acids N H H AminesAmino ( -NH 2 )

5. Phosphate ( -H 2 PO 4 ) O H P O O H O SH Sulfhydryl ( -SH) Organic phosphates Thiols

6. Monomer Subunits that serve as building blocks Connected by condensation reactions (dehydration) Polymers Covalent bonding occurs Solubility in Water

7. Monomer Polymer

8. Monomers HHO H H2OH2O

9. C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O

11. Monomers HHO H2OH2O

12. C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6

13. Principle Elements: C, H, & O H:O = 2:1 Many Hydroxyl Groups (-OH) Monomers: Monosaccharides Polymers: Polysaccharides Water Soluble

14. Energy Metabolism Structural Components Cell-to-Cell Contacts and Recognition

15. Chemical Formulas C 6 H 12 O 6

16. Chemical Formulas C 5 H 10 O 5 C 5 H 10 O 4 deoxyribose

17. Maltose Sucrose glucose + fructose glucose + glucose Lactose glucose + galactose

18. glycogen

19. Principle Elements: C, H, & O Some With P & N H:O >>> 2:1 Diverse Group of Biological Molecules Water Insoluble

20. Energy Storage Protection & Cushioning of Body Organs Structural Components of Membranes Chemical Messengers (hormones)

21. Triglycerides (neutral fats) Phospholipids Sterols Waxes Vitamins (A, D, E, K)

22. Glycerol Fatty Acid

24. Glycerol Fatty Acids Saturated with H + Most animal fats are saturated, ex. butter Solid at room temp

25. Has one or more double bonds between carbons Most vegetable fats Liquid at room temp

27. Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails

29. cholesterol

31. Cholesterol: < 175 mg/dl Triglycerides: 30-175 mg/dl HDL: >35 LDL: <130 Cholesterol/HDL ratio: <4.5 indicates heart disease

32. Family history of vascular disease High levels of blood cholesterol Smoking Diabetes Hypertension Obesity

33. Eat healthy Exercise Lose wt. Quit smoking 1 glass wine or beer Medication Surgery

34. Principle Elements: C, H, O, & N Monomers: Amino Acids Polymers: Polypeptides or Proteins Generally Water Soluble

35. Functional Groups of Amino Acids Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) Amine (-NH 2 ) R-Groups (variable - 20 different kinds)

36. Enzymes Structural Proteins Chemical Messengers (Hormones) Contractile Antibodies

37. Levels of Protein Structure Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quarternary structure

38. Primary structure: Linear sequence of amino acids Levels of Protein Structure Alpha helix H-Bonds Secondary structure: Beta Pleated sheet NH 3 LeuCysValAspPheCOO

39. Levels of Protein Structure Tertiary: 3D configuration Weak bonds between side chains Quartenary: Two or more polypeptides e.g. Hemoglobin (Hb)

40. Central carbonHydrogen atom Variable R group Amino group Carboxyl group N H H R CC H O OH

42. Condensation reaction: + Carboxyl group of one aa Amino group of another aa Peptide bond

46. Enzymatic reactions are affected by: Temperature pH Substrate conc. Enzyme conc. Catalysts- speed up a reaction Not used up by reaction Decrease activation energy of a reaction (activation energy is needed to break chemical bonds)

47. Are very specific for their substrate Substrates: Bind only to a restricted region of the enzyme (active site) Held in place by weak interactions (H-bonds) Compatible fit between the shape of the substrate and the shape of the active site Lock and key Specificity of enzyme:

48. The Functioning of Enzymes

52. Principle Elements: C, H, O, N, & P Monomers: Nucleotides Polymers: Nucleic Acids Generally Water Soluble

53. Nucleotide Components: Ribose (5-C) Sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous Base

54. Genetic Instruction Set (DNA) Protein Synthesis (DNA & RNA) Energy Metabolism (ATP)

55. Nucleotide Structure Phosphate Sugar Nitrogen Base

56. Nucleotide Bases Purines adenine guanine NlHNlH N HC O H N N N NH 2 H2NH2N N N N CH

57. Nucleotide Bases Pyrimidines cytosine uracilthymine H N O N O H-NH-N NH 2 NlNl H NlNl H NlNl H CH 3 O=CO=C O O H H

61. Polymers made up of individual nucleotides Nucleotides contain Phosphate group Five carbon sugar Ring shaped nitrogen base DNA contains information for almost all cell activities

62. ATP

63. Role of ATP in Energy Metabolism ATP  ADP + P i + Energy

64. Role of ATP in Energy Metabolism

65. INQUIRY 1.Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats. 2.Where are phospholipids found? 3.Cholesterol is the base molecule for what type of lipids? 4.Name a polysaccharide used to store energy. 5.Name the currency molecule for all the cells activities.