1. 1 Linguistics week 13 Morphology 3

2. 2 Inflectional vs derivational morphology Inflection does not change the word class (syntactic category, part-of-speech, 詞類 ) – Derivation may or may not change word class Derivation makes a new lexeme – create  creative Inflection just changes the grammatical ending of the original lexeme – create  creates Inflection is productive – You can add –s to any verb, to make it plural Derivation is not necessarily productive – You cannot always add un- to an adjective, or -ive to a verb

3. 3 Roots and affixes Unbelievable contains – One free morpheme – A root and two affixes »One prefix and one suffix In English, there are derivational prefixes and suffixes There are no inflectional prefixes Suffixes are more common in the world’s languages – But Thai has only prefixes – no suffixes – Plural in the Zapotec language is realized by a prefix, not a suffix

4. 4 Infixes In Tagalog – sulat = write – sumulat = wrote – sinulat = was written What is the root morpheme here? What are the affixes? Yule describes a kind of infix used in English – I don’t want to go to uni-bloody-versity Is there any infixing in Mandarin, do you think?

5. 5 Reduplication Afrikaans – dik = ‘thick’; dikdik = ‘very thick’ Motu (Papua New Guinea) – mero = boy; memero = boys – meromero = little boy – How do you say ‘little boys’ in this language? And – you guessed it – what uses does reduplication have in Mandarin?

6. 6 Reading Read Chapter 8 Answer the Study Questions Don’t look at the answers until you have finished!

7. 7 Conversion to a different POS Related words with different POS share the same form – Bank: He banked the money – Better: »You should respect your elders and betters »His performance is difficult to better – Empty: He emptied his glass in one gulp Sometimes the stress changes See how many examples you can think of

8. 8 Zero morphs (in inflectional morphology) What’s the plural of sheep? We can either say – { SHEEP }:{Ø} (the root plus a zero morph), or – The morpheme { SHEEP } realizes both singular and plural meanings The same applies to the past and present tense of hit A lot of linguists don’t like the idea of zero morphs, because it implies – { 羊 } singular, { 羊 };{Ø} plural (!)

9. 9 Shortening processes Backformation (you usually need to know the history of the word) – Babysitter  babysit – Editor  edit Clipping (this doesn’t involve complete morphemes) – Science-fiction  sci-fi – Information  info Chinese stump compounds – 台大 – 網咖 – Are these backformations or clipped forms?

10. 10 Neo-classical compounds: two bound morphemes Biology { LIFE }+{ WORDS } Telephone { DISTANT }+{ SOUND } Introduce { IN }+{ LEAD } In a way, these are the closest English equivalent to Chinese words like 朋友 Group activity

11. 11 Reading Read Chapter 8 Answer the Study Questions Don’t look at the answers until you have finished!