1. Lecture 1 Earthquakes, global tectonics and man

2. Motivations for studying earthquakes It is the legitimate ambition of every properly constituted geologist to see a glacier, witness an eruption and feel an earthquake. G.K. Gilbert, in D.S. Jordan (ed.), The Investigation of the California Earthquake of 1906, 1907

3. The glacier is always ready, awaiting his visit; the eruption has a course to run, and alacrity only is needed to catch its more important phases; but the earthquake, unheralded and brief, may elude him through his entire lifetime.

4. It had been my fortune to experience only a single weak tremor, and I had, moreover, been tantalized by narrowly missing the great Inyo earthquake of 1872 and the Alaska earthquake of 1899. When, therefore, I was awakened in Berkeley on the eighteenth of April last by a tumult of motions and noises, it was with unalloyed pleasure that I became aware that a vigorous earthquake was in progress. …

5. 40,000 dead Bam 2003 (M w 6.8) 100,000 population Courtesy of James Jackson Another motivation

6. Loma Prieta, Ca 1989 6.9 62 urban Northridge, Ca 1994 6.7 51 urban Tabas, Iran1978 7.211,000 v. rural Rudbar, Iran1990 7.340,000 rural Zirkuh, Iran1995 7.2 1,600 v. rural Bam, Iran 2003 6.5 50,000 town Location date magnitude deaths

7. number if earthquakes per century killing > 10,000 people Courtesy of James Jackson

8. Areas of the World scaled according to Property Insurance Premium Income Australia New Zealand Africa South Africa Hong Kong Israel Taiwan Turkey Denmark Ireland Sweden Germany France Belgium UK Italy Switzerland China Indonesia Philippines Luxembourg Greece Netherlands Norway Hong Kong Portugal Spain Germany Taiwan Turkey Mexico Canada USA Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Peru Chile Guatemala Puerto Rico Jamaica Israel The world seen economically… RMS Ltd

11. Turkey 1999 Iran 2003 Pakistan 2005 India 2001 Indonesia 2004 Taiwan 1999

12. Cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants Within 100 km of an active fault system Not within 100 km of a major active fault system

13. Istanbul - 100,000s Tehran - millions Himalayan front - millions West Sumatra - 500,000 Some examples of large potential seismic disasters

14. TEHRAN Destroyed in: population: 10-12 million 4 th century BC 855 AD 958 1177 1830

15. J. Hollingsworth & M.J. Bolourchi Tehran fold

16. J. Hollingsworth & M.J. Bolourchi Tehran North Tehran Fault

17. Himalayan front - millions Some examples of large potential seismic disasters

18. 2005; 54,000 dead Islamabad

21. The biggest natural disaster ever? Earthquakes: dead 1556Shensi, China 830,000 1920Haiyuan, China 235,000 1923Tokyo, Japan 143,000 1976Tangshan, China >243,000 Coastal cyclones and windstorms 1737Calcutta 300,000 1876Bangladesh 215,000 1881Haifeng, China 300,000 1970Bangladesh 300,000 Floods 1642China (dam burst) 900,000 1887China (Huang Ho) 900,000 1931China (Yangtze Kiang)1,400,000 1938China (dam demolition) 500,000 1959 N. China2,000,000 Data from Munich Re

22. Differences between the geologic and seismographic realms

23. The multi-disciplinary nature of earthquake science

24. Charles Darwin -- the father of neotectonics!

25. Two aspects of earthquake geology Neotectonics Paleoseismology

29. Neotectonic “domains” of Taiwan (Shyu et al., 2005, JGR)

33. T. Rockwell Paleoseismology

34. Summary of Offsets