1. Observational and Modeling Study of Urbanization vs. Global Warming Impacts on SoCAB and SFBA Climate Bereket Lebassi Habtezion Ph.D. Candidate Prof. Jorge Gonzalez Advisor Department of Mechanical Engineering Santa Clara University Presented at CCNY 04 May 2010

2. Outline 1.Background and Hypothesis 2.Observational Study SFBA and SoCAB analysis Impacts on Energy 3.Simulation Setup Grid Configuration Land Use input Anthropogenic heating 4.Results & Validation GHG impacts Urbanization impacts 5. Conclusion

3. Motivation 1: Global Warming From NASA RESEARCH NEWS (2006), group led by James Hansen, GISS, NYC Earth has warmed approximately 0.2 K/decade for past 30 years, with max warming after 1970. Land temps has warmed faster than SSTs

4. Motivation 2: Interaction of coastal climate influences Global Global –Sea surface temps (SSTs) –ocean currents –GC pressure systems Mesoscale Mesoscale –sea/land breezes –mt/valley breezes –ocean upwelling –Land-use &/or Land-cover (LULC) changes –Urban heat islands (UHIs)

5. Earlier studies have related climate-change to increased (*=CA studies; modeling studies in yellow): SSTs, evap rate: *Goodridge ‘91, Karl et al. ‘93 SSTs, evap rate: *Goodridge ‘91, Karl et al. ‘93 Cloud cover changes: *Nemani et al. ’01 Cloud cover changes: *Nemani et al. ’01 Upwelling: *Bakun ‘90, *Snyder et al. ‘03; McGregor et al. ‘07 Upwelling: *Bakun ‘90, *Snyder et al. ‘03; McGregor et al. ‘07 Anthropogenic land cover conversions: Pielke et al. ’07, Anthropogenic land cover conversions: Pielke et al. ’07, Chase et al. ‘00; Mintz ‘84; Zhang ‘97 Chase et al. ‘00; Mintz ‘84; Zhang ‘97 Irrigation: *Christy et al. ’06, Lobell et al. ’06, *Kueppers et al. ’07, *Bonfils et al. ’07 Irrigation: *Christy et al. ’06, Lobell et al. ’06, *Kueppers et al. ’07, *Bonfils et al. ’07 GHGs: *Duffy et al. ’06, Walters et al. ’07, Cayan et al. ‘08 GHGs: *Duffy et al. ’06, Walters et al. ’07, Cayan et al. ‘08 UHIs: Ladochy et al. ’07 UHIs: Ladochy et al. ’07

6. The (LCLU + GW) Question on Urban Coastal Areas 1.What is the relative climatic impacts of global climate change in urban coastal regions? 2.Under these conditions of LCLU and global climate change, what are the combined effects in sea breezes, surface temperatures, precipitation, and extreme events?

7. a. GHG WARMING/LULC and/or and/or b. INCREASED INLAND WARMING  INCREASED HORIZONTAL T- & p-GRADIENTS (COAST TO INLAND)  (COAST TO INLAND)  INCREASED SEA BREEZE: FREQ, INTENSITY, PENETRATION, &/OR DURATION  PENETRATION, &/OR DURATION  COASTAL REGIONS DOMINATED BY SEA BREEZE SHOULD THUS COOL DURING SUMMER DAYTIME PERIODS Current Hypothesis: Observed Calif temp trends resulted from

8. DATA NCDC DAILY MAX & MIN 2-METER TEMPS FROM 273 CALIF SITES (SEE MAP below) FROM 1948-2005 NCDC DAILY MAX & MIN 2-METER TEMPS FROM 273 CALIF SITES (SEE MAP below) FROM 1948-2005 NCDC MEAN MONTHLY GRIDDED SSTs NCDC MEAN MONTHLY GRIDDED SSTs –INTERNATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE 0CEAN- ATM DATA SET (ICOADS): 1880-2004 –2 OR 1 DEG HORIZ RESOLUTION SCU DOWNSCALED REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE MODELING RESULTS FOR CALIF (10 KM RESOLUTION) FOR 21 ST CENTURY (SEE MAP below) SCU DOWNSCALED REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE MODELING RESULTS FOR CALIF (10 KM RESOLUTION) FOR 21 ST CENTURY (SEE MAP below)

9. ANALYSES Only data from 1970-2005 (due to accelerated warming in the period) were used Only data from 1970-2005 (due to accelerated warming in the period) were used Annual & summer (JJA) warming/cooling trends calculated ( 0 C/decade) for SST, T max, T min Annual & summer (JJA) warming/cooling trends calculated ( 0 C/decade) for SST, T max, T min Spatial distributions of JJA T max trends Spatial distributions of JJA T max trends plotted for plotted for –South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) –SFBA and Central Valley (CV) JJA land-sea T-gradient (as surrogate for JJA land-sea T-gradient (as surrogate for p-gradient) trends calculated from p-gradient) trends calculated from –mean monthly SSTs –2-m land T max values

10. SCU (Maurer) statistically 10-km downscaled 1950-2000 mod- eled JJA temps ( 0 C) show total warming rates that decrease to coast (Dots are Calif NCDC sites & boxes are study sub-areas)

11. Result 1: Lebassi et al. (2009) J. of Climate Observed 1970-2005 CA JJA max-Temp ( 0 C/decade)trends in SFBA & SoCAB showed concurrent: Observed 1970-2005 CA JJA max-Temp ( 0 C/decade) trends in SFBA & SoCAB showed concurrent: > low-elev coastal-cooling & > high elev & inland-warming > low-elev coastal-cooling & > high elev & inland-warming > signif levels: solid circles >99% & open circles signif levels: solid circles >99% & open circles <90%)

12. Results 2: Same for SFBA & Central Valley COOLING AREAS: MARIN LOWLANDS, MONTEREY, SANTA CLARA V., LIVERMORE V., WESTERN HALF OF SACRAMENTO V.

13. T min (Curve b) increasing faster than T max (Curve c) Results 3: Temp. trends for all of California

14. Result 4: Combined SFBA & SoCAB 1970-2005 summer trends ( o C decade -1 ) of T max (Curves c) warming Inland T max warming sites cooling Coastal T max cooling sites (a) (b) (c) (d)

15. p-increases (up to 0.34 hPa decade-1) in Pacific High p-decreases (up to -0.8 hPa decade-1) in Calif- Nevada thermal Low p-gradient trend in next slide Result 5: Average JJA 1.4 deg ERA40-reanalysis SLP trends (hPa/decade) at 11 LT for 1970-2005 Arrow shows SLP- gradient calc. end-points Arrow shows SLP- gradient calc. end-points Plus & minus are High & Low pressure centers, respectively. Plus & minus are High & Low pressure centers, respectively. + - +

16. Result 6: Trend in ocean-land summer SLP-gradient (hPa 100-km -1 decade -1 ) at 11 LT at end-points in previous slide Results show: p-gradient increases in both areas  increased sea breeze

17. Result 7: Implications on Calif Energy Usage Lebassi et. al (2010) J. of Solar Energy and Sustainability (a) Cooling Degree Day (CDD) trend: upward due to GHG warming  (a) Cooling Degree Day (CDD) trend: upward due to GHG warming  More energy for cooling (b) Heating Degree Day (HDD) ue you to GHG warming  (b) Heating Degree Day (HDD) trend: downward due you to GHG warming  Less energy for heating

18. Result 8: Peak Summer Electricity Trends for 1993-2004 in (Kw/person/decade) from LA Dept of Water & Power (LDWP), Pasadena, & Riversides Results show: Coastal LDWP & Pasadena: down- ward trend Inland Riverside: upward trend

19. SUMMARY 1: OF OBS STUDY SUMMER DAYTIME MAX-TEMPS HAVE SUMMER DAYTIME MAX-TEMPS HAVE –COOLED IN LOW-ELEVATION COASTAL AREAS –WARMED IN INLAND AREAS PREVIOUS STUDIES DREW WRONG CONCLUSIONS B/C PREVIOUS STUDIES DREW WRONG CONCLUSIONS B/C – They did not separate summer vs. winter, day vs. night, &/or inland vs. coastal – Therefore, their T max were wrong and thus their T ave & DTRs were contaminated

20. Modeling Effort Introduction to Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)

21. RAMS RANS Cartesian Equations Momentum eqs for u, v & w Thermodynamic eq for ice-liquid water potential-temp Water Species (n-species, e.g. vapor, ice, snow, …) (1) (2) (3) Latent heat & RFD Sources & sinks via phase changes Local ∆ = Advection + p-grad + Coriolis + Turbulent Diffusion K m, h : eddy diffusivity coef. for momentum & heat.

22. (4) (5) (6) (7) Continuity eq for π Ideal Gas Law for density Poisson eq for T v Exner function for pressure In summary: prog eqs for u, v, w, ө il, r n, π′ diag eqs for π, ρ, p, T v

23. Vertical Diffusion Coef K m,h,e via TKE (e) Shear Production Buoyancy Molec Dissipation S m,h,e are f(Ri) l is mixing length

24. Vertical Boundary Conditions  z= H (model top) = 18.8 km  Rigid lid, with Rayleigh friction layer of 4 km  w = 0  z= h (SBL top) = 50 m  Continuity of fluxes, gradients, & profiles  z= 0 (sfc)  Sfc energy balance Eq in LEAF3  No slip BC: V = 0  z=H s (bottom soil layer) =1 m  Constant temperature from large scale model

25. For sfc BC for T(t): RAMS uses LEAF-3 “big leaf” model to solve sfc energy balance at each sfc-type, e.g., for all-urban (no veg or evaporation) sfc Terms on RHS of eq (L to R): ↓ solar rad absorbed at sfc ↓ IR rad from atm absorbed at sfc ↑ IR rad from sfc ↑ IR rad from urban sfc Note: rad terms come from complex rad transfer model convective heat to atm [where ( ) * quantities come from SBL-eq ] ground heat to atm (where ө s comes prog soil temp eq) anthro heat to atm. (specified, in up-comimg slide) Finally: sum of RHS terms yields trend of building canopy temp θ u, which When added to past value gives current value.

26. ClassαεFVFV H V (m) Short grass0.210.950.750.3 Low intensity Urban0.280.900.426.0 High Intensity Urban0.280.900.1020.0 Parameter values for different urban classes where all symbols are defined as: αAlbedo ε Emissivity F V Vegetation Fraction H V Vegetation Height

27. RAMS simulations of SoCAB Area

28. Selected past (1965-70) & present (2000-2005) simulation periods have similar PDO & temp variations  large scale variability effects are eliminated Note: ENSO impacts are mainly in winter in this area

29. Research goal: separate-out effects of urbanization & GHG warming on Research goal: separate-out effects of urbanization & GHG warming on observed Lebassi et al. (2009) SoCAB JJA max-temp trends observed Lebassi et al. (2009) SoCAB JJA max-temp trends use RAMS to simulate these changes use RAMS to simulate these changes RAMS simulations RAMS simulations Runs 1 vs. 3: Runs 1 vs. 3: Research question: Effects of global climate-change? Research question: Effects of global climate-change? Run 1: current Run 1: current urban LULC (NOAA 2002) at 30-m resolution urban LULC (NOAA 2002) at 30-m resolution global-climate & SSTs for five JJA-periods (2001 to 2005) global-climate & SSTs for five JJA-periods (2001 to 2005) Run 3: uses Run 3: uses Run 1 (Current 2002) LULC Run 1 (Current 2002) LULC global climate & SSTs for five past JJA-periods (1966 to 1970) global climate & SSTs for five past JJA-periods (1966 to 1970) Runs 1 vs. 2: Runs 1 vs. 2: Research question: Effects of urbanization? Research question: Effects of urbanization? Run 1: one-year of Run 1 (2002) Run 1: one-year of Run 1 (2002) Run 2: pre-urban Run 2: pre-urban LULC: all urban turned to local dominant class, i.e., scrubland LULC: all urban turned to local dominant class, i.e., scrubland over-estimate of max urbanization effects over-estimate of max urbanization effects 2002 JJA global-climate & SSTs 2002 JJA global-climate & SSTs Methodology

30. Model initialized Model initialized 0000 UTC = 17 LT 0000 UTC = 17 LT 1 June of given year 1 June of given year 12-hr spin up: 1 st night 12-hr spin up: 1 st night Large scale BCs Large scale BCs every 6-hr every 6-hr from gridded NCEP global-model output from gridded NCEP global-model output ICs and Large-scale BCs (FDDA)

31. > Arakawa-C staggered grid staggered grid  Horiz nested-grid resolution resolution - Grid 1: 20 km - Grid 2: 4 km Vertical Grid Vertical Grid > 49 levels to 31 km  Δz = 40 m (near sfc)  1.15 stretch-ratio  Δz =1.2 km (aloft)  Δz = 1.2 km (aloft) Grid Configuration

32. Grid 2 (4 km): present (2002) LULC-classes Lines: key topographic-heights (+ = peaks) Lines: key topographic-heights (+ = peaks) Input: 30-m NOAA LULC  RAMS’s Leaf-3 classifications Input: 30-m NOAA LULC  RAMS’s Leaf-3 classifications Output colors: dominant class; parameter values as weighed averages Output colors: dominant class; parameter values as weighed averages Veg: greens Veg: greens Urban: browns Urban: browns Black squares: METAR stations for RAMS evaluation Black squares: METAR stations for RAMS evaluation + + + +

33. Initial visible Google map for typical urban class 19 > Resulting 2-color visible image: building are white (52%): & vegetation + streets are black (48%) > Thus (48-32%=) 16% are streets Resulting 1- color visible image: 32% is veg & 68% is roof + street Methodology: visible Google map Start w/ visible Google map for typical SoCAB urban area (Map-a) Change Map-a to 16-color image (Map-b) & count fraction of green pixels (32%) Change Map-a to 2-color image (Map-c) > where white fraction is rooftop & black fraction is thus veg + streets > Street fraction is thus black fraction minus green fraction (from Map-b) Only veg fraction info can be input into current RAMS lookup-table (a) (b) (c) New Tech: determination of urban Veg, Rooftop, & Street fractions

34. Summer CA-building electricity fraction Traffic-profile (%): red is US & blue is LA Anthropogenic heat flux: Sailor and Lu (2004) Where:  ρ pop (t)Population density [person/km 2 ] : from US census  F V (t)Non-dimensional vehicle traffic-profile (lower right slide)  E V Vehicle energy-used [W/km]: from DOT  DVDDistance traveled per person [km]: from DOT Total profile

35. Model Validation with Run-1 (current met & LU) output: June 1-10, 2002; averages for 12 SoCAB METAR sites Where: blue is obs & red is closest RAMS grid point Mean wind speeds: both at 10-m Mean temps: both at 2-m Model =3.1 m/s vs. obs = 2.9 m/s Model = 20.2 o C vs. obs = 19.3 o C

36. (a) Model vs. Observation Correlation red wind, blue temp, (b) JJA daily Tmax averaged over 15 COOP station (c) Model vs. Observation Correlation for (b). Correlation: Temp: r 2 = 0. 87 (blue) Temp: r 2 = 0. 87 (blue) WS: r 2 = 0.82 (red) WS: r 2 = 0.82 (red) Correlation: T max : r 2 = 0. 70 T max : r 2 = 0. 70 Past Validation: 1970 JJA T max 1970 JJA T max Model (red); Obs (blue) Model (red); Obs (blue) T max ave diff = 0.7 o C T max ave diff = 0.7 o C

37. RAMS Results 1: 19-m spatial-patterns Temp and wind results from –Run 1: current climate and current urbanization –Run 2: current climate and no-urbanization –Run 1 minus Run 2 –Run 3: past climate and current urbanization –Run 1 minus Run 3

38. GHG WARMING RESULTS: NEXT 10 SLIDES

39. ICOADS BC-SST input to RAMS Box is D-2 RAMS-interpolated D-1: JJA 5-yr ave. (constant for given summer) Top L: Run-1 SST (orig. resolution: 1 deg) Top R: Run-3 SST (orig. resolution: 2 deg) Lower: Run-1 minus Run-3 SST (N-P) Large-scale SST results: NW-cooling is also a large-scale effect warming has max-change in south Past Now N- P

40. NCEP SLP 17-LT JJA 5-yr Aves. Top L: Run-1 (orig. resolution: 2.5 deg) Top R: Run-3 (orig. resolution: 2.5 deg) Lower: Run-1 minus Run-3 (N-P); Dashed box is p- calculation in observational study Results: Location of H: didn’t change much Mag diminished over most of ocean Peak change over center of H Increases both N & S of center H Max decrease over Mx coast due to expansion of L PastNow N- P H L H L - - + +

41. Present & Past 17-LT JJA-ave NCEP 1000 hPa T(K) BC input to RAMS every 6-hr for periods of Run-1& Run-3 BC input to RAMS every 6-hr for periods of Run-1& Run-3 Results: Hot inland (H) & cool ocean (C) Centers of hot & cool moved to SE; White boxes D-1 & D-2 Centers of hot & cool moved to SE; White boxes D-1 & D-2 Changes best seen in next slide Changes best seen in next slide Now Past T(K) C H H C

42. Left Slide: vertical section (from Fig on right) Violet-line is land-area Violet-line is land-area Green D-1; White D-2 Green D-1; White D-2Results: cooling up to 980-hPa or 400-m cooling up to 980-hPa or 400-m Max warming at 350 hPa or 1.6 km Max warming at 350 hPa or 1.6 km Right slide: horizontal section Boxes are D-1 & D-2 Boxes are D-1 & D-2 Area of slide: only west part of prev SLP slide Area of slide: only west part of prev SLP slide Dash-line: z-section in slide at Right Dash-line: z-section in slide at Right Results: Results: Inland warming (+) & off-shore cooling (-) Inland warming (+) & off-shore cooling (-) Center of cooling is b/t coast & Center of cooling is b/t coast & center of H (previous slide) center of H (previous slide) Present minus Past 17-LT JJA-Ave NCEP 1000 hPa T(K) Present minus Past 17-LT JJA-Ave NCEP 1000 hPa ΔT(K) N - P - - + +

43. 12 LT14 LT 16 LT RAMS Run-1 (present) JJA-Ave D-1 T(K) & V (barb = 1 m/s); Box is D-2 Results: Cool: ocean & Mt-coastal areas Warm inland 12 LT: SB & upslope flows started 14 LT: Both flows more-developed 16 LT: combined SB & slope winds

44. 14 LT 12 LT 16 LT RAMS Run-1 (present) minus Run-3 (past) JJA-Ave D-1 T(K) & V (barb = 0.4 m/s); Box is D-2 Results: Ocean warming < inland warming 12 LT: change in T & SB started; coastal cooling started 14 LT: SB accelerated; coastal cooling filled the basin 16 LT: SB started to slow down; coastal cooling reached max

45. RAMS JJA-Averaged D-2, ∆ T(K) & ∆V ( barb = 0.5 m s -1 ) Results: Ocean warming < inland warming 12 LT: change in T & SB started; coastal cooling started 14 LT: SB accelerated; coastal cooling filled the basin 16 LT: SB started to slow down; coastal cooling reached max Inland warming (up to 2.0 k) greater than SST warming (up to 0.5 K). GHG warming over land (1-2 K)  increased sea breeze flow (1-2 m/s)  cooler temps over coastal areas (up to -1 K)GHG warming over land (1-2 K)  increased sea breeze flow (1-2 m/s)  cooler temps over coastal areas (up to -1 K) Stronger HPGF accelerates on shore directed flow (by 2 m/s),Stronger HPGF accelerates on shore directed flow (by 2 m/s), Statistical Analysis is seen on the Next slide 14 LT 12 LT 16 LT

46. Two tailed stat. sig. values for for the T, U & V TUV 19 UTC 21 UTC 23 UTC ∆ T : The coastal cooling, the SST change, and the inland warming are significant at >99%; Less significant (at down to 99%; Less significant (at down to <90%, light yellow) results due to cancellation of larger GHG warming by cooling due to increased marine flows ∆U∆Vl: Most of the change in the u & v winds are also significant at 99%. There are less significant areas over the ocean (19 UTC) when the sea breeze change is not strong and over the land (23 UTC) when the sea breeze starts to weaken. ∆U and ∆V l: Most of the change in the u & v winds are also significant at 99%. There are less significant areas over the ocean (19 UTC) when the sea breeze change is not strong and over the land (23 UTC) when the sea breeze starts to weaken.

47. Vertical cross-section at 33.85N Temperature & wind Top right Run-1 (present): cold to 500 m; warming in the inland valleys & hills; inversion top at 900 m; inversion base at 50 m Top left Run-3 (past): same as left; inversion top at 750 m; no inversion base detected, Bottom right Run-1 (present): - Shallow warming over the ocean, due to the SST increases - Coastal cooling over land; inland warming over inland valleys and hills - A nother cooling layer over the ocean (up to 500 m) due to large scale cooling Past Now N - P

48. Stat. sig. for the vertical cross section of temperature changes of Domain-2 at 33.83 N Bottom left, statistical sig. for the difference field: The SST warming, the cooling over the ocean and the coastal cooling are significant at > 99%. Bottom left, statistical sig. for the difference field: The SST warming, the cooling over the ocean and the coastal cooling are significant at > 99%.

49. Vertical cross of w (cm/s) at 14 LT Top L Run-1 (present): Subsidence over the ocean; upwared motion over land Top R Run-3 (past): Similar to Run-1 Bottom: Run-1 minus Run-3 (N-P) Subsidence increased Increased upward motion over the coastal plain and inland hills; separate from the ocean

50. Urban: Urban area warming (up to 1.0 K); Sea breeze retardation i.e. Run-1 vector is onshore & difference vector is still offshore due to z- deceleration) Urban: Urban area warming (up to 1.0 K); Sea breeze retardation i.e. Run-1 vector is onshore & difference vector is still offshore due to z 0 - deceleration) Rural: still some warm air adv, small warming (up to 0.2 K) ; mountain top has still cooled perhaps due to induced secondary-circulations JJA 2002, 19, 21 & 23 UTC: Run 1 minus Run 2 Temp & Wind Differences URBANIZATION RESULT: 12 LT 14 LT 16 LT T (K)

51. Summary Summary The effects of urbanization & GHG changes in SoCAB were studied – by analysis of RAMS meso-met model wind and temp output – by comparison of the RAMS output temp with obs Increased GHGs from Run-3 to Run-2 resulted in Increased GHGs from Run-3 to Run-2 resulted in > increased sea breeze over ocean and coastal plains, and thus > increased sea breeze over ocean and coastal plains, and thus > a sea-breeze induced coastal-cooling over the coastal plains > a sea-breeze induced coastal-cooling over the coastal plains Urbanization produces Urbanization produces > A heating over the City and > A heating over the City and > slowing of sea breeze penetration (due to large urban z 0 ) > slowing of sea breeze penetration (due to large urban z 0 ) Implications Implications > Lower energy use for cooling > Lower energy use for cooling > Lower heat stress levels > Lower heat stress levels > Lower O3 > Lower O3 > Benefits for agriculture sensitive to temperature > Benefits for agriculture sensitive to temperature

52. Other Places that regional sea-land interaction might occur From IPCC

53. Future work Post-PhD efforts will include > Some scientific scientific question: What are the future changes in coastal cooling ? What are the future changes in coastal cooling ? When and how coastal cooling stops if it does? When and how coastal cooling stops if it does? Is there an index that can measure the existence of coastal cooling in other areas? Is there an index that can measure the existence of coastal cooling in other areas? > Observational data analysis extend temp analysis to other months, extend temp analysis to other months, extreme values extreme values Coastal vs. inland station classification index Coastal vs. inland station classification index > Modeling Future Simulation and quantification of GHG vs. LULC impact Future Simulation and quantification of GHG vs. LULC impact RAMS simulations of SFBA RAMS simulations of SFBA > Impact analyses Energy use, Energy use, Air quality, Air quality, Heat stress Heat stress Ozone Ozone

54. Lebassi, B. H, J. E. González, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, C. Milesi, and R. Bornstein, 2010: RAMS modeled differences between 1970 and 2005 summer daytime temperatures and winds in coastal Southern California. J. Clim. (In review). Lebassi, B. H, J. E. González, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, C. Milesi, and R. Bornstein, 2010: RAMS modeled differences between 1970 and 2005 summer daytime temperatures and winds in coastal Southern California. J. Clim. (In review). Lebassi, B. H, J. E. González, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, N. L. Miller, C. Milesi, P. Switzer, and R. Bornstein, 2009: Observed 1970-2005 cooling of summer daytime temperatures in coastal California, J. Clim., 22, 3558- 3573, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2111.1. Lebassi, B. H, J. E. González, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, N. L. Miller, C. Milesi, P. Switzer, and R. Bornstein, 2009: Observed 1970-2005 cooling of summer daytime temperatures in coastal California, J. Clim., 22, 3558- 3573, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2111.1. Lebassi, B., J. JE. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, and, D. Fabris, 2009: Regional impacts in the coastal California environment from a changing climate. Accepted, Journal of Solar Energy and Sustainability. Lebassi, B., J. JE. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, and, D. Fabris, 2009: Regional impacts in the coastal California environment from a changing climate. Accepted, Journal of Solar Energy and Sustainability. Lebassi B., D. Fabris, J. E. Gonzalez, S. Zarantonello, S. Chiappari, N. L. Miller, and R. Bornstein, 2005: Urban heat islands in California’s Central Valley, BAMS, 1542-1543. Lebassi B., D. Fabris, J. E. Gonzalez, S. Zarantonello, S. Chiappari, N. L. Miller, and R. Bornstein, 2005: Urban heat islands in California’s Central Valley, BAMS, 1542-1543. JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS

55. Presentation and extended abstract publications RAMS modeled differences between 1970 and 2005 summer day time temperatures and winds in coastal California, B. Lebassi, and JE. Gonzalez, and R. Bornstein, presented at the 34th Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop, Monterey, CA, October 26-30, 2009. RAMS modeled differences between 1970 and 2005 summer day time temperatures and winds in coastal California, B. Lebassi, and JE. Gonzalez, and R. Bornstein, presented at the 34th Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop, Monterey, CA, October 26-30, 2009. Modelling the Impacts of Urbanization vs. Green House Gas Warming in Southern California Coasts, B. Lebassi, and J. JE. Gonzalez, and R. Bornstein, Second International Conference on Countermeasures to Urban Heat Islands, LBNL, Berkeley, California, 21-23 September, 2009. Modelling the Impacts of Urbanization vs. Green House Gas Warming in Southern California Coasts, B. Lebassi, and J. JE. Gonzalez, and R. Bornstein, Second International Conference on Countermeasures to Urban Heat Islands, LBNL, Berkeley, California, 21-23 September, 2009. Regional energy-use impacts in the coastal California environment from a changing climate, B. Lebassi, J. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, and R. Van Buskirk, The 7th International conf on Urban Climate, Yokohama, Japan. June 29- July 3, 2009. Regional energy-use impacts in the coastal California environment from a changing climate, B. Lebassi, J. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, and R. Van Buskirk, The 7th International conf on Urban Climate, Yokohama, Japan. June 29- July 3, 2009. Modeling differences between 1970 and 2005 summer daytime temperatures in coastal California, B. Lebassi, J. Gonzalez, and R. Bornstein, the 7th International conf on Urban Climate, Yokohama, Japan. June 29- July 3, 2009. Modeling differences between 1970 and 2005 summer daytime temperatures in coastal California, B. Lebassi, J. Gonzalez, and R. Bornstein, the 7th International conf on Urban Climate, Yokohama, Japan. June 29- July 3, 2009. Regional Impacts on Energy Demands from a Changing Climate in the Coastal California Environment, B. Lebassi, JE. Gonzalez, D. Fabris, and R. Bornstein, Inaugural US-EU-China Thermophysics Conf. Renewable Energy, UECTC2009-342 (Invited Paper). Beijing, China, 28-30 May, 2009. Regional Impacts on Energy Demands from a Changing Climate in the Coastal California Environment, B. Lebassi, JE. Gonzalez, D. Fabris, and R. Bornstein, Inaugural US-EU-China Thermophysics Conf. Renewable Energy, UECTC2009-342 (Invited Paper). Beijing, China, 28-30 May, 2009. Cooling summer daytime temperatures in two urban coastal California air basins during 1948-2005: observations and implications, R. Bornstein, B. Lebassi, E. Maurer, P. Switzer, and J. E. Gonzalez, presented 8th Conf. on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, 89th AMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, 10-15 January 2009. Cooling summer daytime temperatures in two urban coastal California air basins during 1948-2005: observations and implications, R. Bornstein, B. Lebassi, E. Maurer, P. Switzer, and J. E. Gonzalez, presented 8th Conf. on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, 89th AMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, 10-15 January 2009. Regional Impacts on Energy Demands from a Changing Climate in Coastal California Environments, 2009: J.E. Gonzalez, B. Lebassi, R. D. Bornstein, H. Taha, and R. D. Van Buskirk, presented at Eighth Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, 89th AMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, 10-15 January 2009. Regional Impacts on Energy Demands from a Changing Climate in Coastal California Environments, 2009: J.E. Gonzalez, B. Lebassi, R. D. Bornstein, H. Taha, and R. D. Van Buskirk, presented at Eighth Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, 89th AMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, 10-15 January 2009. Observed and simulated California climate trends due to concurrent long-term inland-warming and coastal-cooling, B. Lebassi, and J. E. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, and D. Fabris; presented at The 17th Joint Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification/Weather Modification Association Annual Meeting, Westminster, CO, 20-25 April 2008. Observed and simulated California climate trends due to concurrent long-term inland-warming and coastal-cooling, B. Lebassi, and J. E. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, and D. Fabris; presented at The 17th Joint Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification/Weather Modification Association Annual Meeting, Westminster, CO, 20-25 April 2008. RAMS simulations of a global-warming reverse-reaction: California coastal summer daytime cooling, B. Lebassi, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA; and J. E. Gonzalez, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, N. L. Miller, C. Milesi, and R. Bornstein; present at 88th AMS conference, 20th Conf on Climate Variability and Change, New Orleans, LA, 20-24 January, 2008. RAMS simulations of a global-warming reverse-reaction: California coastal summer daytime cooling, B. Lebassi, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA; and J. E. Gonzalez, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, N. L. Miller, C. Milesi, and R. Bornstein; present at 88th AMS conference, 20th Conf on Climate Variability and Change, New Orleans, LA, 20-24 January, 2008. Observations of a global-warming reverse-reaction: California coastal summer daytime cooling, R. Bornstein, B. Lebassi, J. E. Gonzalez, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, N. L. Miller, and C. Milesi; present 88th AMS Conf, 20th Conf on Climate Variability and Change. New Orleans, 20-24 January, 2008. Observations of a global-warming reverse-reaction: California coastal summer daytime cooling, R. Bornstein, B. Lebassi, J. E. Gonzalez, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, N. L. Miller, and C. Milesi; present 88th AMS Conf, 20th Conf on Climate Variability and Change. New Orleans, 20-24 January, 2008. Spatial and Temporal Changes in Climatological Degree-Days in California, B. Lebassi. E. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, D. Fabris, Energy Sustainability, Long Beach, CA, 10-13 January, 2007. Spatial and Temporal Changes in Climatological Degree-Days in California, B. Lebassi. E. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, D. Fabris, Energy Sustainability, Long Beach, CA, 10-13 January, 2007. Observed long-term California temperature-trends: coastal cooling and inland warming, 2007: B. Lebassi, J. E. Gonzles, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, R. Bornstein, and N. L. Miller; presented at 87th AMS annual Symposium, Connections Between Mesoscale Processes and Climate Variability, Santa Antonio, TX, 14-18 January, 2007. Observed long-term California temperature-trends: coastal cooling and inland warming, 2007: B. Lebassi, J. E. Gonzles, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, R. Bornstein, and N. L. Miller; presented at 87th AMS annual Symposium, Connections Between Mesoscale Processes and Climate Variability, Santa Antonio, TX, 14-18 January, 2007. Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover on Regional Summer Time Coastal Cooling and Inland Warming in Central California, 2007: Jorge E. González, B. Lebassi and R. Bornstein; presented at Seventh Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, San Diego California, 10-13 September, 2007. Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover on Regional Summer Time Coastal Cooling and Inland Warming in Central California, 2007: Jorge E. González, B. Lebassi and R. Bornstein; presented at Seventh Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, San Diego California, 10-13 September, 2007. Modeling urban heat islands in California central valley, B. Lebassi, J. E. González, D. Fabris, N. L. Miller, and C. Milesi; presented at 86th AMS annual Symposium, Sixth Sym on the Urban Environment, Atlanta, GA. Jan 28- Feb 3, 2006. Modeling urban heat islands in California central valley, B. Lebassi, J. E. González, D. Fabris, N. L. Miller, and C. Milesi; presented at 86th AMS annual Symposium, Sixth Sym on the Urban Environment, Atlanta, GA. Jan 28- Feb 3, 2006. Climatology temperature mapping for California urban heat island study site selection, Lebassi Bereket, D. Fabris, J. E. Gonzalez, S. Zarantonello, S. Chiappari, N. L. Miller, and R. Bornstein. Presented at Atm Sci and Air Quality Conf., San Francisco, CA, 27-29 April, 2005. Climatology temperature mapping for California urban heat island study site selection, Lebassi Bereket, D. Fabris, J. E. Gonzalez, S. Zarantonello, S. Chiappari, N. L. Miller, and R. Bornstein. Presented at Atm Sci and Air Quality Conf., San Francisco, CA, 27-29 April, 2005.

56. Thank You! Any Questions?