1. Main Characteristics of Anthropology Peoples and Cultures of Europe

2. The Fields of General Anthropology –archaeology –physical or biological anthropology (bioanthropology) –socio / cultural anthropology –linguistic anthropology

3. The Fields of General Anthropology –archaeology –physical or biological anthropology (bioanthropology) –socio / cultural anthropology –linguistic anthropology

4. www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html

5. 1 2 3 4

6. Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology

7. Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology

8. Main Characteristics “culture” –learned –shared –transmitted from generation to generation –based on symbols –integrated

9. Main Characteristics “culture” is not inherited (i.e., is not biological) is not “instinct”

10. Main Characteristics “cultures” –are integrated –interact and change

11. The Concept of Culture Microculture –a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions –local cultures

12. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations –e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds –e.g., Australian Aboriginals The Concept of Culture

13. Microculture –a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions –local cultures Macroculture a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking that crosses local boundaries, such as transnational culture and global culture The Concept of Culture

14. macrocultures can include groups across nations –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., ? Al Qaeda The Concept of Culture

15. Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology

16. Main Characteristics comparative method –as a major approach to the study of human behavior –the comparative method compares things

17. Main Characteristics comparative method –One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan (University of Chicago) “Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison” American Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954)

18. Main Characteristics comparative method –One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan (University of Chicago) “Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison” American Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954)

19. Main Characteristics comparative method –Other methods... compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process

20. Main Characteristics comparative method –Other methods... compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process

21. Main Characteristics the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa

22. Main Characteristics the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa

23. Origin of Domestication for Selected Plants Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 342. rice 7,000 ybp manioc 4,200 ybp maize 4,200 ybp wheat 10,500 ybp millet 4,000 ybp

24. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic Chapter 14 Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed. “Food Production” A Biocultural Revolution

25. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic Tehuacán

26. Tehuacán Valley, Puebla, Mexico Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432. maize 4,200 ybp

27. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic

28. Early Neolithic sites Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 349.

29. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic

30. Mehrgarh One of the earliest Neolithic settlements of southern Asia, Pakistan Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 352.

31. Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology

32. The Fields of General Anthropology –archaeology –physical or biological anthropology (bioanthropology) –socio / cultural anthropology –linguistic anthropology

33. http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html 1 2 3 4 The main fields of general anthropology

35. holism

37. difficult terms

38. Glossary ethnography – scientific description of cultures (“a portrait of a people”)

39. Glossary ethno – graphy –graph from the Greek, meaning something “written” or “drawn”

40. Glossary ethnology – comparative study of cultures

41. Glossary ethology –scientific study of the social behavior of animals, especially in their natural environments –note that there is no n in ethology

42. Glossary primatology – scientific study of the social behavior of primates, especially (non-human primates) apes and monkeys

43. Glossary “primates” prosimians (“pre-monkeys”) monkeys apes and also humans

44. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pcprim.html

45. Glossary “non-human primates” – prosimians (“pre-monkeys”) – monkeys – apes

46. “non-human primates”

47. Glossary “primatologist” –usually refers to one who studies the behavior and social lives of chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, monkeys, etc. –e.g., Jane Goodall, Diane Fossy, Birute Galdikas-Brindamour

48. Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology fieldwork as a primary research technique (“participant observation”)

49. Glossary Other important terms include...

50. Glossary ethnocentrism –judging other cultures by the standards of one’s own culture rather than by the standards of that particular culture

51. Glossary cultural relativism –the perspective that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and should not be judged by the standards of another

52. Glossary absolute cultural relativism –the perspective that says a person from one culture should not question the rightness or wrongness of behavior or ideas in other cultures because that would be ethnocentric

53. Glossary absolute cultural relativism –World War II Holocaust –arranged “underage” marriage –female genital mutilations –withholding of medical treatment of children for religious reasons –polygyny....

54. http://www.dailytexanonline.com/news/2004/03/26/StateLocal/Polygamists.Might.Be.Building.In.Texas-642621.shtml

55. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7333004.stm

56. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7431848.stm

57. http://www.presstelegram.com/Stories/0,1413,204%257E23187%257E2235392,00.html

58. www.wuwm.com/programs/news/view_news.php?articleid=2242

59. Glossary critical cultural relativism –offers an alternative view that poses questions about cultural practices and ideas in terms of who accepts them and why, and who they might be harming or helping

60. Multiple Cultural Worlds people live in multiple cultural worlds

61. class race ethnicity gender age institutions

62. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo, Nan) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

63. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo, Nan) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

64. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/Buffalo/Intro-Temp2.html Paul Buffalo Meditating Medicine

65. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#Nan Sharon Gmelch Nan: The Life of an Irish Traveling Woman, Revised Edition. Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, 1991. (ISBN: 0881336025)

66. This was earlier advocated by: Bronislow Malinowski Edward Sapir (“Sapir-Whorf” hypothesis) Margaret Mead

67. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

68. “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe Oscar Lewis

69. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1604/video/Life_Chances.html#title

70. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

71. “Classics" in Anthropology 1930Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1941 Folk Culture of Yucatan Chicago: University of Chicago Press Robert Redfield

72. “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe Lewis - Refield debate Robert Redfield –Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life Oscar Lewis –Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlan Restudied

73. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#InisBeag John C. Messenger Inis Beag: Isle of Ireland. Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, 1983. (ISBN: 0881330515) Inis Beag GaelicGaelic: "Little Island"

74. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

75. ..Man of Aran (77 min, 1934, B&W) –Robert J. Flaherty, –Colman “Tiger” King, –Maggie Dirrane, and –Michael Dirrane

76. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

77. some areas are “officially” anthropological “cultural areas”...

78. http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/atlas.htm

79. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#title Parman, Susan. Europe in the Anthropological Imagination. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.

80. “Mesoamerica” (cultural) “Middle America” (geological)

81. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

82. The Irish Tinkers: The Urbanization of an Itinerant People by George Gmelch 1985

83. Unites of analysis may include ethnic groups within and across nations –e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Kurds (in Turkey) –e.g., Basques

84. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#BasqueHistory Mark Kurlansky The Basque History of the World. NY: Penguin Books, 1999. (ISBN: 0140298517)

85. “units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor”

86. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#CrisisofBirths Elizabeth L. Krause A Crisis of Births: Population Politics and Family-Making in Italy Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005.

87. “units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor”

88. demography / population gender ethnicity nationalism globalization “development” social / cultural change decision-making peasants urbanism / urbanization Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt stratification internal and transnational migration “transnationalism” networks honor / shame values patron-client relationships literacy “we” vs. “other” rural / urban continuum

89. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#Cod Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World NY: Penguin Books, 1998

90. “units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor”

92. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1095/index.html#text

93. Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include Ch. 12. Irish ConversationsIrish Conversations Ch. 17. The Traditional British HouseThe Traditional British House Ch. 21.The Italian OperaThe Italian Opera Ch. 22. Belgian LaceBelgian Lace Ch. 24. The Russian BalletThe Russian Ballet Ch. 25. The Spanish BullfightThe Spanish Bullfight Ch. 26. The Portuguese BullfightThe Portuguese Bullfight

94. http://www.carn.com/IrishTales.htm

95. and the Units of Analysis Can be combined

96. demography / population gender ethnicity nationalism globalization “development” social / cultural change decision-making peasants urbanism / urbanization Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt stratification internal and transnational migration “transnationalism” networks honor / shame values patron-client relationships literacy “we” vs. “other” rural / urban continuum

97. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#CrisisofBirths Elizabeth L. Krause A Crisis of Births: Population Politics and Family-Making in Italy Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005. Italy demography

98. the three major contemporary debates

100. Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”)

101. the three major contemporary debates Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”)

102. the three major contemporary debates Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”)

103. the three major contemporary debates Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Ipeace. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”) Peace Justice Security Freedom Honor God / Allah...

104. http://rawstory.com/news/afp/Bush_says_Iraq_war_about_al_Qaeda_07242007.html

105. the three major contemporary debates Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”)

106. www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/17/2034283.htm

107. Cultural Materialism Marvin Harris. The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture, Updated Edition. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2000.

108. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_materialism_%28anthropology%29

109. www.cultural-materialism.org/cultural-materialism/

110. the three major contemporary debates Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”)

111. www.wenatcheeworld.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080122/FOOD/373497927/1030/rss1030

115. Main Characteristics of Anthropology Peoples and Cultures of Europe