2. Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Ben Shneiderman (ben@cs.umd.edu) Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland ben@cs.umd.edu

3. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)

4. Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Specify users and tasks Specify users and tasks Predict and measure Predict and measure ] time to learn ] speed of performance ] rate of human errors  human retention over time Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) Accommodate individual differences Accommodate individual differences Consider social, organizational & cultural context Consider social, organizational & cultural context

5. Design Issues Input devices & strategies ] ] Keyboards, pointing devices, voice ] ] Direct manipulation ] ] Menus, forms, commands Output devices & formats ] ] Screens, windows, color, sound ] ] Text, tables, graphics ] ] Instructions, messages, help Collaboration & communities Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI usableweb.com hcibib.org useit.com

6. Library of Congress Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Teachers, Students Teachers, Students

7. Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Doctors Doctors Surgeons Surgeons Researchers Researchers Students Students

8. NASA Environmental Data Scientists Scientists Farmers Farmers Land planners Land planners Students Students

9. Bureau of Census Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Teachers, Students Teachers, Students

10. NSF Digital Government Initiative Find what you need Find what you need Understand what you Find Understand what you Find UMd & UNC www.ils.unc.edu/govstat/

11. Information Visualization The eye… the window of the soul, is the principal means by which the central sense can most completely and abundantly appreciate the infinite works of nature. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)

12. Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think Visual bandwidth is enormous ] ] Human perceptual skills are remarkable X X Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... X X Color, size, shape, proximity... ] ] Human image storage is fast and vast Opportunities ] ] Spatial layouts & coordination ] ] Information visualization ] ] Scientific visualization & simulation ] ] Telepresence & augmented reality ] ] Virtual environments

14. Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry

15. Current Research - TimeSearcher Time series ] ] Stocks ] ] Weather ] ] Genes User-specified patterns Rapid search

16. Leonardo’s Laptop The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing

17. An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Renaissance Man Combined science & art Combined science & art Integrated engineering & esthetics Integrated engineering & esthetics Balanced technology advances & human values Balanced technology advances & human values Merged visionary & practical Merged visionary & practical

18. Goals for The New Computing 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing

19. 1) Usable: Ending User Frustration Goal - make computer usage less frustrating Identify top ten frustrations Measure severity & frequency in lost time Determine if the situation is improving Related areas Errors Time delays Emotional reactions

20. 1) Frequent frustrating experiences Networking & Web

21. Application & System Crashes 1) Frequent frustrating experiences

22. 1) Time diary study Self reports & observations (64 UMD & 47 Towson) Pre-session survey: demographic information computer experience and attitudes level of computer anxiety, mood Users spent 1 hour & report their frustrating experiences Post-session survey: assess mood after the session overall frustration level loss of time www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing

24. 1) Results InternetApplicationsOperating System timed out/dropped/ refused connections (32) error messages (35)crashes (16) long download time (23)freezes (24)wrong response (10) web page/site not found (17)missing/ hard to find features (23) slow response (8) email (15)crashes (13)unexpected message boxes (6)

25. 1) Minutes lost – UMD & Towson Email OS Web browsing Other minutes lost Productive minutes Total minutes: 9485 7968 Total minutes lost: 4250 3652 1513 568UMD Towson 353 294 902877

26. 1) Next Steps Validate results with other users professional elderly novice Develop more precise monitoring software e.g. www.bugtoaster.com Explore ways to improve: Online help & help desks Customer service & online communities Education & training Software & interface re-design

27. 2) Universal: Digital Divide Remains Troubling U.S. Department of Commerce www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/ Percent of Internet Use by Educational Attainment

28. 2) Universal Usability in Practice www.otal.umd.edu/uupractice/

29. User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc. Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May 2000 2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment 2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment

30. 3) Useful: Generative Theories Predictive & explanatory theories are useful, but the big step forward will be  generative theories Theories of human needs to guide our invention of new technologies

31. Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion, from want, from fear Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs Physiological Safety Love Esteem Self-Actualization Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy 3) Theories of Human Needs 3) Theories of Human Needs

32. Relationships Self: working on your own Family & Friends: 2-50 close intimates Colleagues & Neighbors: 50-5000 acquaintances Citizens & Markets: 5000 and more 3) Human Needs for Relationships

33. Activities Collect: Information Relate: Communication Create: Innovation Donate: Dissemination 3) Human Needs for Activities 3) Human Needs for Activities

34. 3) Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Self Family & Friends Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Citizenry & Markets Activities Collect Relate Create Donate Skeptics corner - Are relationships more complex? - Are these useful activities?

35. Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Activities Collect Relate Create Donate IdenticamPhotoDiary PhotoFinderPhotoMesa Album sharing Album sharing StoryStarter Family photo history PhotoFinder Kiosk PhotoWall PhotoFinder Webstarter PhotoQuilt Photo sharing

36. Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Activities Collect Relate Create Donate Medical log Diary Find-a- Friend Find-a- Friend MusicLists Family vacation history InfoDoorsGatherEmailSend-a-Link WebBushes WorldWide Med Million person communities Medical diagnosis Tourist sharing

37. 3) Future Directions E-learning: The new education E-business: The new commerce E-healthcare: The new medicine E-government: The new politics Mega-creativity Grander Goals & The Next Leonardo www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing

38. Action Items Developers: Apply usability guidelines & testing methods Web producers: Develop UU statements Managers: Provide responsible leadership Journalists: Raise public expectations Policy makers: Raise & clarify requirements Funders: Expand research on usability Educators: Disseminate scientific results Researchers: Explore bold new visions Getting to the Golden Age of Usability

39. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Three lessons 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs

40. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory 20 th Anniversary – May 29-30, 2003 www.cs.umd.edu/hcil The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do