2. Logic Circuit Design Teacher 1 ： Wei-Ru Lai ( 賴薇如 ) wrlai@saturn.yzu.edu.tw Room: 70812 Telphone: 7330 Teacher 2 ： Yawgeng Chau( 趙燿庚老師 ) eeyaw@saturn.yzu.edu.tw

3. Text Book and Reference 4 Textbook –M. Morris Mano and Michael D. Ciletti, Digital Design, 4th edition, Pearson Education. 4 Reference book –Charles H. Roth, Jr., Fundamentals of Logic Design, 5th edition, West Publishing Co., 1992. –A First Course in Digital System Design, An Integrated Approach, John P. Uyemura, Georgia Institute of Technology. Books/Cole Publishing Company

4. Course Time 4 Class A –Thursday 7,8,9 (14:10 - 17:00) –Classroom: 70205 4 Class B –Monday 7,8,9 (14:10 - 17:00) –Classroom: 70207 4 Office Hour –Monday, Wednesday 13:10-14:30 70812R

5. Teacher Assistants 4 林群揚 –Office: 70807 –Telephone: 7011 – 807 –s984853@mail.yzu.edu.tw 4 陳旭峰 –Office: 70826A –Telephone: 7011 – 826 –s984821@mail.yzu.edu.tw

6. Web Site 4 IP address: 140.138.178.54 or pcs.eed.yzu.edu.tw –Handout, old examination questions 4 Portal –Information, ex: Time and place of quiz –Handout, solution of homework –Discussion 4 It’s necessary to check these web sites frequently.

7. Course Structure 4 Lectures with power points 4 Quizzes and discussions 4 Chapter-Based homework –Announced in the Web Portal –Solution will be given later. 4 Exams 4 邏輯電路實驗 (A: 施正遠老師 Mon. 2,3,4; B: 郭李瑞老師 Thur. 6,7,8)

8. Evaluation 4 賴薇如老師 50% –Class Show-Up (4%) –Quizzes(10%) –Tests (8%*2=16%) (3/31,4/14, 13:00-13:50) –Mid exam (20%) 4 趙耀庚老師 50% –Class Show-up (4%) –Text (8%*2=16%) –Final exam (30%)

9. Requirements for Class 4 Take your textbook in class. 4 Take notes in class. 4 Ask questions if you don’t understand. 4 Do your homework by yourself. 4 Don’t chat in class. Esteem your teachers, TAs and classmates.

10. Change Your Mindset (1/2) 4 Adapt yourself to the new environments, new teachers, and new teaching methods. 4 If you have any suggestion, tell me as soon as possible. 4 Read the textbook written in English. 4 You should spend a lot of times in this course.

11. Change Your Mindset (2/2)  用功不是不缺席與寫作業而已，還包括 要預習、 複習、 不懂時要肯發問、 寫錯 答案要更正，要學會有效率的學習。 4 Find your favorite department. 4 Try to achieve the basic requirements of our departments.

12. 必修主科段考均應嚴格監考  包括助教在內，要有兩人以上監考。  隨機排定考試座位表。  考生桌面只有紙筆等應考物品，手機書包等一律放教 室四周。  發完考卷後，強調將嚴格監考，發現考試作弊者將一 律依校規退學，並宣讀『誠實考試宣言』如下 : 我 ( 考生簽名 ) ，秉持誠實考試之原則，在此宣告本次 XXX 考試，絕對遵守考試規則不作弊，否則願受最嚴 厲之校規處置 ( 退學 ) ！  在『考試座位表』及『誠實考試宣言』 簽名。

13. What is About This Course? Logic Circuit Design

14. Digital Computer program data

15. Wireless Phone 4 RF : Radio Frequency 4 AD : Analog-to-Digital 4 DA : Digital-to-Analog 4 BB : Baseband 4 DSP : Digital Signal Processing 4 RAM : Random Access Memory 4 ROM : Read Only Memory

16. Photos 4 File: 982LogicRequirement-photo.ppt 4 http://www.ee.yzu.edu.tw/YZUEE.asp?scre enwidth=1024&ScreenHeight=738 4 電機系微電腦實驗 4 電機系、光電系電子電路實驗期末太陽 能車競賽

17. Logic Circuit Design 4 Digital electronic circuits are the engines of cell phones, MPEG players, digital cameras, computers, data servers, personal digital devices, GPS displays, and many other consumer products that process and use information in a digital format. 4 Logic Circuit Design is an introductory course for the above industries.

18. 邏輯電路設計在課程中的定位 微電腦 系統 大二上 微電腦 實驗 大二下大三上 嵌入式系 統原理及 實驗 大三下大四上 VHDL 設計 電子電 路實驗 ( 二 ) 大四下 數位系統設 計與實驗 大一上大一下 計算機 概論 程式 設 計 邏輯電 路設計 電子學 邏輯電 路實驗 電子電 路實驗 ( 一 ) 高階數位 IC 設計 超大型積 體電路設 計導論 計算機組 織

19. What is the meaning of “Digital”? Digit: the Latin word for finger (counting on the fingers) as these are used for discrete counting.

20. Digital Definition 4 Digit: –A toe or finger –A unit of linear measure equal to inch, based on the breadth of a finger –Any numeral from 0 to 9: so called because originally counted on the fingers 4 A digital system is one that uses discrete values rather than a continuous spectrum of values: compare analog.

21. Analog ( 類比 ) vs. Digital ( 數位 ) 4 Analog system –The physical quantities or signals may vary continuously over a specified range. 4 Digital system –The physical quantities or signals can assume only discrete values. 0 1 2 3 3 0 3 2 3 2 0... 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0...

22. Analog vs. Digital Signals

23. Analog Signals 4 All nature signals are analog. –Human voice, electromagnetic wave of handset, photograph, voice sent from handset, watercolor 4 It is intuitive to handle analog signals for storage, computation, and communication etc.

24. Digital Signals 4 Define a nature signal as 0 or 1. 4 We can interpret, store, send/receive or perform some operations on 0 and 1. logic 0 logic 1 volt 1 2 3 4 5 0 Unknown 0 1

25. Analog or Digital? 4 The differences between analog systems and digital systems are the idea to view and process the data. –Analog view: every amplitude is meaningful in every moment. Every qualify between 0-5V is meaningful. –Digital view: only 0 & 1

26. Signal Distortion 4 Distortion( 失真 ): the wave is distorted due to attenuation or noise. 4 If an analog signal is distorted (i.e., we treat the signal as an analog signal), it is difficult to regenerate a original one. source distorted data

27. Accuracy 4 Operation in analog systems: the error (i.e., distortion) will be accumulated. –Ex: to compute 6 mV *100=600 mV. –These is an error 0.1 mV. –Finally, 5.9mV *100=590 mV 4 Operation in digital systems: the error will not be accumulated. –Ex: 110 2 *1100100 2 =100101100 2 –Digital systems are capable of greater accuracy.

28. Advantages of Digital Signals 4 It is easy to distinguish between 0 and 1 even though the digital signal is distorted. 4 Distorted digital signal can be regenerated. 4 Special encoding schemes is used for error detection or error correction 4 Encryption can prevent from eavesdropping. 01010011 even parity 0 1

29. More and More Digital Systems 4 Programmable digital devices 4 Dramatic cost reductions 4 Reliability of data storage or communication by using error-correcting codes 4 The interconnection of smaller digital modules forms a larger system.

30. Digitalize （數位化） 4 Binary system, only 0 &1! 4 Try to transfer the nature signal to a series of 0s and 1s. –Discrete elements of information are represented with groups of bits are called binary codes (i.e., a pattern of 0’s and 1’s). Ex: 5 10 =0101 2 Ex: A=0100 0001 (41H) –Therefore, binary system is enough.

31. Example: Audio System Analog data Digital data

32. Sampling ( 取樣 ) 4 To achieve some discrete values from the originally continuous signals is called as sampling. 4 These discrete values are called discrete signal （離散信號） or samples （取樣點）. 4 Sampling rate （取樣頻率） is the times to achieve discrete signals per second. –Ex: If we get 8000 samples per second, the sampling rate is 8000Hz.

33. Quantization ( 量化 ) 4 If the length of 0/1 bit stream is finite, the number of amplitude quantities that can be represented by these bit streams （ referred to quantization level 量化準位） is finite. 4 To find a relative level for each sample is called quantization （量化）. 4 The distance between the sample and its quantization level is called quantization error （量化誤差）.

34. Coding ( 編碼 ) 4 Coding （編碼）： use a series of 0s and 1s to represent every quantization level. 4 Pulse Code Modulation （ PCM ） used in PSTN is 8-bit coding and 256 quantization level. 4 The sampling rate is 8000Hz. 64,000 bits are sent per second. That is, the data rate is 64,000bps. 4 Opera may need 128kbps or more.

35. Sampling Theorem ( 取樣定理 ) 4 Sampling Theorem （取樣定理） or Nyquist Theorem ： Sampling rate must be twice (or more) of the original data rates. 4 For example, the frequency of human voice is about 300-3400Hz. Then the sampling rate in PSTN is 8000Hz.

36. Digital System  A digital system is an electronic network that manipulates discrete elements of information represented internally in binary form. –Ex: answer machine, video game, CD 4 The work of digital systems 1.Transfer analog signals to digital signals. 2.Perform operations by 0 and 1. 3.Transfer the results to analog signals.

37. Example of an Elevator 4 How to store the number of floor? 4 How to control sensors and motors? Up? down? 510 49 38 27 16 B1 ▼▲ ？ up on at 4th floor 0100 4

38. Coding and Encode 4 Translate a signal from “bottom” to a binary number 510 49 38 27 16 B1 ▼▲ 0110 on B1 1111 00000 10001 20010 30011 40100 50101 60110 70111 81000 91001 101010 at 4th floor 4 16-to-4 encoder ？

39. Encoder 8-to-3 encoder xyzxyz D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

40. Store the Binary Numbers 4 Using a four-bit register 510 49 38 27 16 B1 ▼▲ at 4th floor 0100 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

41. D Flip-flop 4 To store 0 or 1.

42. Comparator/Subtractor 4 Up? down? 510 49 38 27 16 B1 ▼▲ ？ up 0110 at 4th floor 0100 4

43. 4-bit Comparator A 0100 B 0110 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 A < B → up 1 0 0

44. 4-bit Binary Counter 510 49 38 27 16 B1 ▼▲ at 9th floor 5 5 0101 1111→ 0000→0001→ 0010→0011→ 0100→0101→ 0110→0111→ 1000→1001→ 1010

45. Binary Counter 4 Four-bit synchronous binary counter 0000→0001→0010→ 0011→0100→0101→ 0110→ … →1101 →1110→1111

46. 7-Segment 7447 At floor 5 5 10 =0101 2 7447: BCD-to-seven-segment decoder 7730: Seven-segment LED display Figure 11.8 abcdefgabcdefg abcdefgabcdefg ABCDABCD 10101010 a b ce g f d 10111011 011011

47. What is “Logic Design”? Logic (from ancient Greek (logos), meaning reason) is the study of arguments.

48. Logical Operations 4 Logic: the systematized interconnection of switching functions, circuits, or devices, as in electronic computers. 4 A bit on a switching device can be represent a logic value –0: false vs. 1: true –A device is On/OFF; a statement is True/False. 4 You can provide logic operations at bit level (a bit) or at pattern level (a byte).

49. Switching Devices (1/2) 4 Two-state devices: the output can assume only two different discrete values. –Example of switching devices: relays, diodes, transistors. logic 0 logic 1 volt 1 2 3 4 5 0 On Off Unknown Gate Source Drain Transistor

50. Switching Devices (2/2) A B F 0 0 +V 0 +V +V +V 0 +V +V +V 0 4 Connecting several switching devices may perform operations of 0 and 1. That is, you have created a binary system. 4 We can use binary system to represent the circuits made by switching devices. NAND Gate

51. Logic Gates

52. Logic Design 4 Logic design involves determining how to interconnect basic logic building blocks to perform a specific function. –Basic block: logic gates, latches, flip-flops –Larger blocks: additions, registers, counters, multiplexers, CPLD, FPGA A B F 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

53. Half Adder (HA) 4 x + y = Sum with a Carry –Sum = A XOR B –Carry = A AND B Half Adder x y Carry Sum 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 HA x y Carry Sum um arry

54. Full Adder (FA) FA x y Carry Sum z

55. Binary Adder

56. Combinational Circuits 4 The output values depend only on the present value of the inputs and not on past values. 4 Adder, substractor, multiplex, decoder...

57. Sequential Circuits 4 The outputs depend on the present value of the inputs and past input values. –Flip-flops, ROM/RAM 4 Both combinational circuits and sequential circuits are called as switching circuits. feedback

58. Categories of Designs 4 The design of digital systems may be divided roughly into three parts –Circuit design –Logic design –System design

59. Circuit Design 4 Circuit design involves specifying the interconnection of specific components such as resistors, diodes, and transistors to form logic gates, flip-flops, or other basic logic building blocks. 4 To design Integrated circuit (IC) –Chapter 10 4 Electronics, VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated circuits), Practicum of VLSI

60. System Design (1/2) 4 System design involves breaking the overall system into subsystems and specifying the characteristics of each subsystem. Subsystem of computer includes memory units, arithmetic units, input- output units and control units.

61. System Design (2/2) 4 Easy to design a digital system! –A large system  Large blocks  Small blocks  Basic block 4 The design of digital systems –System design, Logic design, Circuit design 4 Microcomputer System ， Practicum of Microcomputer System, Embedded System, Digital System Design, Computer Architecture

62. Implement of Large Applications 4 Some hardware realization technologies –Combination of logic gates and ICs –Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) –Application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) 4 ASIC are designed by using HDL –to write a behavioral model of the circuit’s functionality –then synthesizing that description into a hardware realization in a particular technology.

63. Hardware Description Language 4 Hardware Description Language (HDL) –Verilog and VHDL –To simulate a digital system to verify its operation before hardware is built in –to automate the design process in conjunction with logic synthesis tools 4 It is introduced in Section 3.10 and used in following contents.

64. VHDL – Binary Adder

65. Theory in the Logic Design 4 “Logic Design” tells us the theory necessary for understanding the logic design process. 4 Boolean algebra: the binary number system used in the logic design. 4 Implement technologies of digital systems are improved fast. However, its background theory is never changed.

66. Text Book Content (1/2)  Contents  Preface 1. Digital Systems and Binary Numbers 2. Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates 3. Gate-Level Minimization 4. Combinational Logic 5. Synchronous Sequential Logic 6. Registers and Counters

67. Text Book Content (2/2) 7. Memory and Programmable Logic 8. Digital at the Register Transfer Level 9. Asynchronous Sequential Logic 10. Digital Integrated Circuits 11. Laboratory Experiments with Standard ICs and FPGAs 12. Standard Graphic Symbols  Answers to Selected Programs  Index

68. Conclusions 4 This is an interesting course. 4 Hope you like it.