1. Busan, South Korea E. C. Yoo Busan Metropolitan Government Institute of Health and Environment

2. ◈ Location Busan is located on the southeastern tip of the Korean peninsula at 128 o east longitude and 35 o north latitude. Busan is located on the southeastern tip of the Korean peninsula at 128 o east longitude and 35 o north latitude. It is an international city linking the continent and the sea. It is an international city linking the continent and the sea. Busan is similarly located with Tokyo, Kabul, Los Angeles, Memphis, Beirut and Algiers. Busan is similarly located with Tokyo, Kabul, Los Angeles, Memphis, Beirut and Algiers. ◈ Climate Located within the temperate monsoon zone and influenced by the maritime climate, the city has four distinct seasons. Located within the temperate monsoon zone and influenced by the maritime climate, the city has four distinct seasons. Busan is relatively warm throughout the year with the average annual temperature being 14C and the average winter temperature being 3C.The winds are strong due to its location next to the ocean, but such conditions are advantageous in the summer time, as Busan is cooler than other regions. Busan is relatively warm throughout the year with the average annual temperature being 14 o C and the average winter temperature being 3 o C.The winds are strong due to its location next to the ocean, but such conditions are advantageous in the summer time, as Busan is cooler than other regions. 1. Geography and Climates

3. 2. Populations and Vehicles

4. 3. Air Quality Trends Fig. 1 Mean concentration shift of air pollutants in Busan(1992-2000)

5. 4. Air quality monitoring Fig. 2 Sites of air quality monitoring in Busan

6. 5. Air pollutants emission inventory of Busan Source : MOE(2002), Environmental Statistics Yearbook(2001) by Ministry of Environment (Unit : ton/year, year : 2000)

7. 6. Impacts of air pollution Economic losses of air pollution in Korea Economic losses of air pollution in Korea : from 32 trillion won (US $24 billion) to : from 32 trillion won (US $24 billion) to 60 billion won, an average 45 trillion 60 billion won, an average 45 trillion won. won. 7 ~ 13 percent of gross national income. 7 ~ 13 percent of gross national income.

8. 7. Enforcement and control strategies ◈ Ambient air quality standards

9. ◈ The Busan Metropolitan Government plans in order to improve air quality Increase of the number of compressed natural gas (CNG) buses Increase of the number of compressed natural gas (CNG) buses Enlarge public transport Enlarge public transport Establishment of TMS in large emission sources Establishment of TMS in large emission sources Build up countermeasures to reduce ozone Build up countermeasures to reduce ozone Increase in the use of clean fuels Increase in the use of clean fuels Fugitive dust reduction Fugitive dust reduction Rigid enforcement of vehicle emission inspections Rigid enforcement of vehicle emission inspections

10. Conclusions Busan has a very high air quality management capability. In response to increasing pollution, particularly from mobile sources, it has enacted many policies and enforcement strategies in the transport and energy sectors. Busan has a very high air quality management capability. In response to increasing pollution, particularly from mobile sources, it has enacted many policies and enforcement strategies in the transport and energy sectors. The national and municipal government have harmonized air quality management plans and air quality monitoring data. The national and municipal government have harmonized air quality management plans and air quality monitoring data. It should be noted that air quality plans and regulation implementations are heavily dependent on the national economic situation and the circumstances. It should be noted that air quality plans and regulation implementations are heavily dependent on the national economic situation and the circumstances.