1. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Physics with a Neutrino Factory Complex -- Principles -- performance -- other physics and muon collider -- R&D in Europe and elsewhere This summarizes the work of several 100 authors who recently published 'ECFA/CERN studies of a European Neutrino Factory Complex' CERN 2004-002 ECFA/04/230 and of the US-based Muon Collaboration (S. Geer & R. Palmer et al)

2. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 -- Neutrino Factory -- CERN layout    e + e   _ interacts giving   oscillates e     interacts giving    WRONG SIGN MUON 10 16 p/ s 1.2 10 14  s =1.2 10 21  yr 3 10 20 e  yr 3 10 20   yr 0.9 10 21  yr

3. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Detector zIron calorimeter zMagnetized yCharge discrimination yB = 1 T zR = 10 m, L = 20 m zFiducial mass = 40 kT Baseline 3500 Km 732 Km 3.5 x 10 7 1.2 x 10 6 5.9 x 10 7 2.4 x 10 6 1.1 x 10 5 1.0 x 10 5  CC e CC  signal (sin 2  13 =0.01) Events for 1 year Also: L Arg detector: magnetized ICARUS Wrong sign muons, electrons, taus and NC evts *-> CF e signal at J-PARC =40

4. 4 Oscillation parameters can be extracted using energy distributions a)right-sign muons b)wrong-sign muons c)electrons/positrons d)positive  -leptons e)negative  -leptons f)no leptons X2 (  + stored and  - stored) Events Bueno, Campanelli, Rubbia; hep-ph/00050007 Simulated distributions for a 10kt LAr detector at L = 7400 km from a 30 GeV nu-factory with 10 21  + decays. E VIS (GeV) Note: e   is specially important (Ambiguity resolution & Unitarity test): Gomez-Cadenas et al.

5. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Linder et al. Above plot obtained with Golden channel, one sign only and one distance. Emphasizes very low systematics, and degeneracies

6. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Neutrino fluxes  + -> e + e   / e ratio reversed by switching     e   spectra are different No high energy tail. Very well known flux (aim is 10 -3 ) - absolute flux measured from muon current or by  e  ->   e in near expt. -- in triangle ring, muon polarization precesses and averages out (preferred, -> calib of energy, energy spread) -- E&   calibration from muon spin precession -- angular divergence: small effect if  < 0.2/  can be monitored -- in Bow-tie ring, muon polarization stays constant, no precession 20% easy -> 40% hard Must be measured!!!! (precision?) Physics gain not large  polarization controls e flux:  + -X> e in forward direction

7. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04

8. CP asymmetries compare e   to e   probabilities   is prop matter density, positive for neutrinos, negative for antineutrinos HUGE effect for distance around 6000 km!! Resonance around 12 GeV when  m 2 23 cos2  13   = 0

9. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 CP violation (ctd) Matter effect must be subtracted. One believes this can be done with uncertainty Of order 2%. Also spectrum of matter effect and CP violation is different  It is important to subtract in bins of measured energy.  knowledge of spectrum is essential here! 5-10 GeV 10-20 GeV 20-30 GeV 30-40 GeV 40-50 GeV 40 kton L M D 50 GeV nufact 5 yrs 10 21  /yr In fact, 20-30 GeV Is enough! Best distance is 2500-3500 km e.g. Fermilab or BNL -> west coast or …

10. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Bueno, Campanelli, Rubbia hep-ph/0005-007

11. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 e.g. Rigolin, Donini, Meloni

12. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 channel at neutrino factory High energy neutrinos at NuFact allow observation of  e   (wrong sign muons with missing energy and P  ). UNIQUE Liquid Argon or OPERA-like detector at 732 or 3000 km. Since the sin  dependence has opposite sign with the wrong sign muons, this solves ambiguities that will invariably appear if only wrong sign muons are used. ambiguities with only wrong sign muons (3500 km) equal event number curves muon vs taus associating taus to muons (no efficencies, but only OPERA mass) studies on-going A. Donini et al   

13. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Wrong sign muons alone Wrong sign muons and taus Wrong sign muons and taus + previous exp.

14. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 red vs blue = different baselines dashed vs line = different energy bin (most powerful is around matter resonance @ ~12 GeV) red vs blue = muons and taus

15. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Conclusion: Neutrino Factory has many handles on the problem (muon sign + Gold + Silver + different baselines + binning in energy ) thanks to high energy! "It could in principle solve many of the clones for    down to 1 0 The most difficult one is the octant clone which will require a dedicated analysis" (Rigolin)

16. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Where will this get us… comparison of reach in the oscillations  right to left: present limit from the CHOOZ experiment, expected sensitivity from the MINOS experiment, CNGS (OPERA+ICARUS) 0.75 MW JHF to super Kamiokande with an off-axis narrow-band beam, Superbeam: 4 MW CERN-SPL to a 400 kt water Cerenkov@ Fréjus (J-PARC phase II similar) Neutrino Factory with 40 kton large magnetic detector. 0.1 0 1010 2.5 0 5050 13 0 Mezzetto X 5

17. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Superbeam only Beta-beam only Betabeam + superbeam 3 sigma sensitivity of various options NUFACT

18. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Could begin as soon as SPL/accumulator is build: -High intensity low energy muon experiments -- rare muon decays and muon conversion (lepton Flavor violation) -- G F, g-2, edm, muonic atoms, e +    e -   --> design of target stations and beamlines needed. - 2d generation ISOLDE (Radioactive nuclei) -- extend understanding of nuclei outside valley of stability -- muonic atoms with rare nuclei(?) if a sufficient fraction of the protons can be accelerated to E>15 GeV: -High intensity hadron experiments -- rare K decays (e.g.K->    ) In parallel to long baseline neutrino experiments: -short baseline neutrino experiments (standard fluxes X10 4 ) -- DIS on various materials and targets, charm production -- NC/CC -> m w (10-20 MeV)  e   e & e e  e e -> sin 2  w eff (2.10 -4) --> design of beamline + detectors needed Other physics opportunities at a -factory complex Related to high intensity

19. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 From neutrino factory to Higgs collider        h (115) Upgrade to 57.5 GeV Separate   &  , add transfer lines More cooling +  E /E reduction Muon collider: a small…. but dfficult ring

20. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 muon collider…… can do everything an electron-positron collider can do, but with + a very small energy spread (10 -4 or better) and extremely well known energy. ++ the coupling to Higgs bosons is proportional to m l 2 i.e. it is 4 10 4 higher for muons than electrons -- Problem with neutrino radiation background for E> 3 TeV -- need very large cooling factor!

21. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Higgs factory      h(115) - S-channel production of Higgs is unique feature of Muon collider - no beamstrahlung or Synch. Rad., g-2 precession => outstanding energy calibration (OK) and resolution R=  E/E (needs ideas and R&D, however!)  m h =0.1 MeV  h =0.3 MeV  h->bb /  h = 1% very stringent constraints on Higgs couplings (  b)

22. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04

23. Higgs Factory #2:      H, A SUSY and 2DHM predict two neutral heavy Higgs with masses close to each other and to the charged Higgs, with different CP number, and decay modes. Cross-sections are large. Determine masses & widths to high precision. Telling H from A: bb and tt cross-sections (also: hh, WW, ZZ…..) investigate CP violating H/A interference.

24. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Neutrino Factory studies and R&D USA, Europe, Japan have each their scheme. Only one has been costed, US study II: Neutrino Factory CAN be done…..but it is too expensive as is. Aim: ascertain challenges can be met + cut cost in half. + detector: MINOS * 10 = about 300 M€ or M$

25. Neutrino Factory Concept - 1 25 1.Make as many charged pions as possible INTENSE PROTON SOURCE (In practice this seems to mean one with a beam power of 4 MW) 2.Capture as many charged pions as possible Low energy pions Good pion capture scheme 3. Capture as many daughter muons as possible within an accelerator Reduce phase-space occupied by the  s Muon cooling 4. Accelerate FAST! Example: US Design Study 2 NB. Energy of proton source not so relevant 2-50 GeV considered

26. Neutrino Factory Concept - 2 26 UK Design Fast cycling synchrotron Japanese Design J-PARC based

27. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 MUTAC ( 14-15 jan 2003)(US) The committee remains convinced that this experiment, which is absolutely required to validate the concept of ionization cooling, and the R&D leading to it should be the highest priority of the muon collaboration. Planning and design for the experiment have advanced dramatically(…) EMCOG: (6 feb 2003) (Europe) (…)EMCOG was impressed by the quality of the experiment, which has been well studied, is well organized and well structured. The issue of ionization cooling is critical and this justifies the important effort that the experiment represents. EMCOG recommends very strongly a timely realization of MICE. MUTAC: Muon Technical Advisory Committee (Helen Edwards, et al) (US) EMCOG: European Muon Coordination and Oversight Group (C. Wyss et al) ECFA recommendations (September 2001:)

28. 28 Why we are optimistic/enthusiastic – US perspective: We are working towards a “World Design Study” with an emphasis on cost reduction. Note: In the Study 2 design roughly ¾ of the cost came from these 3 roughly equally expensive sub-systems. New design has similar performance to Study 2 performance but keeps both  + and  - ! S. Geer: Good hope for improvement in performance ad reduction of cost!

29. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 The four priorities set up by EMCOG (European Muon Coordination and Oversight Group) -- High intensity proton driver (SPL; etc..) -- High power target -- high rep rate collection system (horns, solenoid) -- Ionization coolng demonstration These will correspond to the workpackages of the ECFA/ESGARD superbeam/neutrino factory feasibility study

30. 0 T 10 T 20 T Targetry: The Study 2 Design used a 20 m/s Hg Jet in a 20 T Solenoid 30 1cm diameter Hg Jet V = 2.5 m/s 24 GeV 4 TP Proton Beam No Magnetic Field BNL E951 Hg Jet TestsCERN/Grenoble Hg Jet Tests 4 mm diameter Hg Jet v = 12 m/s No Proton Beam

31. Targetry: Proposal to test a 10m/s Hg Jet in a 15T Solenoid with an Intense Proton Beam 31 Muon Collaboration Participating Institutions 1)RAL 2)CERN 3)KEK 4)BNL 5)ORNL 6)Princeton University Note: The solenoid is under construction, and the Hg-jet under development.

32. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 The HARP experiment 124 people 24 institutes Spectrometer resolution

33. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 HORN STUDIES First prototype ready Thanks to the CERN Workshop S. Gilardoni

34. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 IONIZATION COOLING Difficulty: affordable prototype of cooling section only cools beam by 10%, while standard emittance measurements barely achieve this precision. Solution: measure the beam particle-by-particle A delicate technology and integration problem Need to build a realistic prototype and verify that it works (i.e. cools a beam) Difficulties lay in particular in  operating RF cavities in Mag. Field,  interface with SC magnets and LH2 absorbers What performance can one get? principle: this will surely work..! reality (simplified) ….maybe… state-of-the-art particle physics instrumentation will test state-of-the-art accelerator technology.  RF Noise!!

35. Ionization Cooling - MUCOOL 35 5T Cooling Channel Solenoid – LBNL & Open Cell NCRF Cavity operated at Lab G – FNAL Thin absorber windows Tested – new technique – ICAR Universities 201 MHz half-shell ebeam welding of Stiffening – JLab New MUCOOL Test Area Completed – FNAL LH2 Absorber Cryostat – KEK

36. MICE – The International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment 36 Build & operate a section of a realistic cooling channel & measure its performance in a muon beam (at RAL) for various operation modes & beam conditions. Experiment is approved at RAL. (~10.-12.5 M£ earmarked in UK) under discussion with funding agencies.

37. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04  Incoming muon beam Diffusers 1&2 Beam PID TOF 0 Cherenkov TOF 1 Trackers 1 & 2 measurement of emittance in and out Liquid Hydrogen absorbers 1,2,3 Downstream particle ID: TOF 2 Cherenkov Calorimeter RF cavities 1RF cavities 2 Spectrometer solenoid 1 Matching coils 1&2 Focus coils 1 Spectrometer solenoid 2 Coupling Coils 1&2 Focus coils 2Focus coils 3 Matching coils 1&2 10% cooling of 200 MeV/c muons requires ~ 20 MV of RF single particle measurements => measurement precision can be as good as  out /  in ) = 10 -3 never done before either….

38. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Responsibilities as proposed in the proposal (Hardware) (conditional to approval by funding agencies) Belgium Downstream Cherenkov Netherlands Magnetic probes and measurement INFN Spectrometer solenoid, TOF detectors, Calorimeter, Tracker, DAQ Switzerland Beam Solenoid (PSI), Tracker CERN Refurbished RF power sources UK Beam, Home and Infrastructure! Focus coils, Absorber, Tracker Russia under discussions Japan Absorbers tracker USA RF cavities, coupling coil Absorbers tracker up-and downstream Cherenkov

39. Acceleration 39 Muon Collaboration Much progress in Japan with the development and demonstration of large acceptance FFAG accelerators. Latest ideas in US have lead to the invention of a new type of FFAG (so-called non-scaling FFAG) which is interesting for more than just Neutrino Factories, & may require a demonstration experiment (plans are developing). Perhaps US & Japanese concepts are merging to produce something better ?? New US Acceleration Scheme … still evolving

40. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 APEC design study (sub ?) SPL Superbeam Neutrino factory The ultimate tool for neutrino oscillations Beta beam Very large underground lab Water Cerenkov, Liq.Arg EURISOL SPL physics workshop: 25-26-27 May 2004 at CERN  CERN SPSC Cogne meeting sept. 2004 Superbeam/neutrino Factory design study (sub ?) EURISOL design study (sub 2004 --successful) HIPPI

41. CHIPP-NU Neuchatel Alain Blondel, 21/6/04 Conclusions 1. the Neutrino Factory remains the most powerful tool imagined so far to study neutrino oscillations High energy e   and  e   transitions 2. The complex offers many other possibilities 3. It is a step towards muon colliders 4. There are good hopes to reduce the cost significantly 5. Regional and International R&D o components and R&D experiments are being performed by an enthusiastic and motivated community 6. Opportunities exist in Europe: HI proton driver, Target experiment @ CERN Collector development @LAL-CERN MICE @ RAL