1. GENDER EMPOWERMENT MEASUREMENT (GEM) GEM captures gender inequality in 3 key areas: 1.Political participation and decision making power: women’s and men’s % shares of parliamentary seats 2.Economic participation and decision-making power: measured by 2 indicators: M and F % shares of positions as legislators, senior officials and managers M and F% shares of professional and technical positions 3.Power over economic resources as measured by F and M estimated earned income (PPP US$)

2. For each dimensions an equally distributed equivalent percentage (EDEP) is calculated (see the GDI) For dimensions 1 and 2 the EDEP is indexed by dividing it by 50 (in an ideal society with equal empowerment the GEM variables would equal 50%) Finally the GEM is calculated as a simple average of the three indexed EDEPs

3. Female index + ( ) EDEP formula GenderPopulation shareParliamentary share Female0,5078,7 Male0,49291,3 Є = 2 0.0583 + 0.00539 = 15.70 Replacement in EDEP formula 1. Calculating the equally distributed equivalent % (EDEP) for parliamentary representation EXAMPLE: GEM IN GREECE { [ Female population share 1 - є ] Male index ( ) [ Male population share 1 - є ] } { ( + ) [ 0,507 8,7 1 - 2 ( ) ] 0,492 91,3 1 - 2 ] [ } 1 1- є 1 1- 2 { } - 1

4. The EDEP for parliamentary representation is indexed to 50% (ideal value) 15.70 50 = 0.314 EDEP for parliamentary representation

5. Female index + ( ) GenderPopulation share% share Female0,50725,6 Male0,49274,4 Є = 2 0.0198 + 0.00661 = 37.82 2.1 Calculating (EDEP) for economic participation I (legislators, senior officials and managers) EXAMPLE: GEM IN GREECE { [ Female population share 1 - є ] Male index ( ) [ Male population share 1 - є ] } { ( + ) [ 0,507 25,6 1 - 2 ( ) ] 0,492 74,4 1 - 2 ] [ } 1 1- є 1 1- 2 { } - 1

6. The EDEP for economic participation I (legislators, senior officials and managers) is indexed to 50% 37.82 50 = 0.756 EDEP for economic participation I

7. Female index + ( ) GenderPopulation share% share Female0,50747,9 Male0,49252,1 Є = 2 0.01058 + 0.00944 = 49.88 2.2 Calculating (EDEP) for economic participation II (professional and technical positions) EXAMPLE: GEM IN GREECE { [ Female population share 1 - є ] Male index ( ) [ Male population share 1 - є ] } { ( + ) [ 0,507 47,9 1 - 2 ( ) ] 0,492 52,1 1 - 2 ] [ } 1 1- є 1 1- 2 { } - 1

8. The EDEP for economic participation II (professional and technical positions) is indexed to 50% 49.88 50 = 0.998 EDEP for economic participation II

9. The two EDEP indexes are then averaged to create the EDEP for economic participation EDEP for economic participation = 0.756 + 0.998 2 = 0.877

10. Female index + ( ) GenderPopulation shareIncome index* Female 0,5070,270 Male 0,4920.639 Є = 2 1,8778 + 0,7699 0,377 = 0,377 EXAMPLE: GEM IN GREECE { [ Female population share 1 - є ] Male index ( ) [ Male population share 1 - є ] } { ( + ) [ 0,507 0,270 1 - 2 ( ) ] 0,492 0,639 1 - 2 ] [ } 1 1- є 1 1- 2 { } - 1 3. Calculating EDEP for income

11. * the estimated earned income is US$ 10892 for F and US$ 25601 for M and thus the corresponding income indexes are: F Income index = 10892-100 40000-100 = 0.270 M Income index = 25601-100 40000-100 = 0.639

12. 4. Calculating the GEM as a simple average of the three EDEP indexes GEM = 0.314 + 0.877 + 0.377 3 = 0.523