1. 10-Sep-08 X-Prize Forum: 4:30 PM Thanks to: Seeking Radical Breakthroughs in Alternative Energy

2. Global Human Energy Use: 15 x 10 12 W = 5 x 10 20 J/yr

3. Global Energy Resources 174 x10 15 W (PetaWatts) Wind 0.9 Geothermal 0.03 Human 0.015

4. Photovoltaics vs Photosynthesis 1. Energy efficiency can be demonstrated as up to 43% for experimental photovoltaics and 11% for photosynthesis, but the first is peak performance and ignores storage & conversion, while the latter is calculated from grams of biofuel per hectare per year (including night & winter). Energy Density: Lithium ion Battery 0.7 kJ/g (Bio)Diesel fuel 43 kJ/g Atmospheric CO 2 is adressed by few energy sources Total : 2E12 tons 1% added by human activities 15% removed by photosynthesis yearly

5. Bio-petroleum from grasses & algae (not competing for crop land) Fatty acid derived Isoprenoid derived Leverage current infrastructure & engines

6. Immiscible Products Facilitate Purification Separate from water without distillation Decrease toxicity to producer strain > 2 Million liters in 2009 aqueous organic 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Extracellular Intracellular Localization Distribution (% total) 1234 1 10 3,000 50 3 months

7. Design + Evolution LenskiCitrate utilization PalssonGlycerol utilization Edwards Radiation resistance IngramLactate production MarliereThermotolerance J&JDiarylquinoline resistance (TB) DuPont1,3-propanediol production TolonenAlcohol resistance (4 to 8%) Lin&ReppasTrp/Tyr (pharma precursors)

8. Genome engineering examples Dupont/Genencor: 1,3 Propanediol: 27 changes to 4.6 Mbp E.coli 135 g/l at 3.5 g/l/h, 2.4 Mliter scale 51% yieldheoretical) from glucose 135 g/l at 3.5 g/l/h, 2.4 Mliter scale 51% yield (90% of theoretical) from glucose ackA aldA aldB arcA crr edd gldA glpK mgsA pta ptsH ptsI yqhC Saccharomyces: DAR1 GPP2 Klebsiella: dhaB1,B2,B3,X; orfX,Y P1.5.gapA P1.6.ppc P1.6.btuR P1.6.yqhD Ptrc.galP Ptrc.glk (13 ko, 8 ins, 6 regul) http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6432686-description.html Plants tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate, producing the Bacillus Bt toxin insecticide, or biosynthesize a precursor of vitamin A

9. Charalel Church Isaacs Sun Wang Carr Jacobson Kong Sterling New genetic code: viral-resistance, novel amino acids no functional GMO DNA exchange TTT F 30362TCT S 11495TAT Y 21999TGT C 7048 TTC22516TCC11720TAC16601TGC8816 TTA L 18932TCA9783TAA STOP 2703TGA STOP 1256 TTG18602TCG12166TAG314TGGW20683 CTT L 15002CCT P 9559CAT H 17613CGT R 28382 CTC15077CCC7485CAC13227CGC29898 CTA5314CCA11471CAA Q 20888CGA4859 CTG71553CCG31515CAG39188CGG7399 ATT I 41309ACT T 12198AAT N 24159AGT S 11970 ATC34178ACC31796AAC29385AGC21862 ATA 5967ACA9670AAA K 45687AGA R 2896 ATGM37915ACG19624AAG14029AGG1692 GTT V 24858GCT A 20762GAT D 43719GGT G 33622 GTC20753GCC34695GAC25918GGC40285 GTA14822GCA27418GAA E 53641GGA10893 GTG35918GCG45741GAG24254GGG15090 Safety & Productivity : synergy not tradeoff. 1 2 3 4

10. 3 Exponential technologies “law of accelerating returns” Shendure et al. 2004 Nature Reviews of Genetics. Kurzweil 2002; Moore 1965 (2X/2yr til 2020) urea B12 tRNA telegraph Computation & Communication Analytic tRNA Synthetic chemistry 10X/yr 5X/yr raw

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