1. Medical Image Display Bradley Hemminger School of Information and Library Science Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill http://ils.unc.edu/bmh bmh@ils.unc.edu

2. Medical Image Display Digital Values + Human Observer Observer makes decisions Decisions affect patient care/treatment Results in different patient outcomes.

3. Basic Perception Issues Color or Grey Scale to Use? Standardizing the Grey Scale Perceptual Linearization Different types of Displays (CRT, flat panel) Calibration

4. PACS: multiple sources and destinations: LAN

5. Consistent Grayscale: AcquireDisplayPrint Slide courtesy of David Clunie, ComView

6. Goal: Images look the same independent of the display system or method used to present the images. DICOM Standards supporting this: - Grayscale Standard Display Function - Softcopy Presentation State Storage AAPM guidelines - Display Quality for Electronic Displays Image Presentation Integrity

7. Modality Display Perception of Contrast By Human Visual System Ambient Light Perceptual Linearization

8. Computer Display Card Analog Voltage Computer Digital Values (0-255, 0-4095,... 0-65535) Display Card Values (0-255, 0-1023) Laser Printer Values (0-255, 0-4095) Luminance on Monitor or through film on Lightbox Perceived Brightness by human observer

9. Computer Display Card Characteristic Curve CSF Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) Transfer function describing the change in luminance required to see a contrast threshold at a given luminance level.

10. Image Display and Interaction Single Images Alternators Hanging Protocols Staged Interactions (Mammo Screening) Studying Users to optimize CHI.

11. Image Enhancement Intensity Windowing Unsharp Masking AHE MUSICA

14. Novel Display technologies Cine/stack “3D” Virtual reality Fusion