1. Temperature Terms in Modern Eastern Armenian (MEA) Michael Daniel (Moscow State University) & Victoria Khurshudian (INALCO (SEDYL, Inalco/CNRS))

2. Preliminaries Eastern Armenian – spoken in Armenia. Together with Western Armenian and various dialects, forms a branch of Indo-European. Spoken in the Caucasus the language has been in strong contact with Iranian, Turkic and Caucasian languages.

3. Source data: Eastern Armenian National Corpus (www.eanc.net) about 110 million tokens  lexical and morphological annotation  covers EA from the mid-19th century to the present  both written and oral discourse  open internet access

4. Morphology  Eastern Armenian has a part-of-speech classification of the Indo-European type and rich inventory of derivational suffixes. Expectedly for such a system the temperature terminology is adjective-oriented.  Out of 16 non-derived temperature terms, there is only one non-derived verb (mrsel ‘get cold, exp.’); several terms are used both as nouns and adjectives (tap ‘hot, heat’ n., hov ‘cold’ adj., ‘wind’ n., c‘urt ‘cold’ adj, krak ‘fire, very hot’ n./adj. and noun), other basic terms are adjectives.  No special syntax / morphology except for probably a higher degree of conversion (unmarked adjective ↔ noun derivation) than expected. Rich inchoative and causative verbal derivation (but almost no stative temperature verbs).

5. Inchoative and causative derivation TermsInchoative ‘Adjective + -el/ -anal’ Causative ‘Adjective + ac’nel’ տոթ tot’ ‘hot, stuffy’ -- շոգ šog ‘hot’( շոգել ‘be warm’) - տապ tap ‘hot, stuffy’ -- թեժ t’ež ‘hot’ թեժանալ ‘get hot/warm’ թեժացնել ‘make hot/warm’ բարկ bark ‘hot, warm’ բարկանալ ‘get angry’ բարկացնել ‘make angry’ տաք tak’ ‘warm’ տաքանալ ‘get warm’ տաքացնել ‘to warm (up), to heat’ ջերմ ĵerm ‘warm’ ջերմանալ ‘get hot/warm’ ( ջերմել ‘have temperature’) ջերմացնել ‘‘to warm (up), to heat; give comfort’ գոլ gol ‘cool, warm’ գոլանալ ‘get cool’ գոլացնել ‘to cool’ գաղջ gaġĵ ‘cool, warm’ գաղջանալ ‘get cool’ գաղջացնել ‘to cool’ հով hov ‘cool, warm’ զով zov ‘cool, warm’ հովանալ ‘get cool’ զովանալ հովացնել ‘to cool’ զովացնել պաղ paġ ‘cool, warm’ պաղել ‘get cool/ cold’ պաղեցնել ‘to cool’ սառը saŕ ǝ 'cold' սառել ‘get cold’ սառեցնել ‘make cold/ freeze, to cool’ ցուրտ c’urt ‘cold’ ցրտել ‘get cold’ - - մրսել ‘get cold’ մրսեցնել ‘have cold’

6. Diachrony: relative stability TermsPOSOrigin (by ACTH)First occurrence in EANC տոթ tot’ ‘hot, stuffy Asource unknown 1869-1870 շոգ šog ‘hot’ Asource unknown 1841 տապ tap ‘hot, stuffy’ A, NIE, Sanskrit: tep 1871 թեժ t’ež ‘hot’ Asource unknown 1841 բարկ bark ‘hot, warm’ Asource unknown 1860 տաք tak’ ‘warm’ Asource unknown (IE? Sanskrit: dah ‘to burn’) 1841 ջերմ ĵerm ‘warm’ A IE (+ ջեր ), Sanskrit: ghar ‘to burn’ 1860 գոլ gol ‘cool, warm’ AIE: wel (=wet) (<autumn) 1841 գաղջ gaġĵ ‘cool, warm’ A IE: գոլ + ջ < գաղջ 1927 հով hov ‘cool, warm’ A, NIE: pou 'blow' 1841 պաղ paġ ‘cool, warm’ Asource unknown, Gr: πάγος=ice 1879 սառը saŕ ǝ 'cold' Asource unknown 1841 ցուրտ c’urt ‘cold’ AIE: k'ar-, Sans: çiçira 1841 մրսել mrsel ‘get cold’ V source unknown, = մսիլ Avestan: m ǝ r ǝ zu "cold" (Freymann, Marr) 1841

7. tak‘ vs. ĵerm A hypothesis to be checked: in Modern Eastern Armenian, tak‘ (IE origins uncertain) has replaced ĵerm (IE origins, cognate to warm) as a basic HOT term, leaving it outside the main temperature domain, in the metaphorical extension area. The main tactile term for HOT, tak‘, is almost never used in metaphorical extensions. Classical Armenian ĵerm is used exclusively metaphorically.

8. Non-derived temperature terms + HOT tak‘, ĵerm, hur, šog, t‘ež, tot‘, tap, bark LUKE gol († gaġĵ) - COLD saŕ ǝ, c‘urt, zov, hov, paġ († ujc) If one believes in intermediate temperatures…

9. LUKE The zone is isolated on several grounds: perception 1. gol perceived as intermediate between COLD and HOT (but also, to some extent, zov, hov) grammar 2. no comparative constructions; inchoative may be used in both sense - ↑ and ↓

10. 1. Ջուրը սառնարանից նոր հանեցի, թող գոլանա : Ĵur- ǝ saŕnaran-ic’ nor han-ec’i water-DEF refrigerator-ABL new take.out-AOR.1SG t’oġ gol-an-a letcool-INCH-SBJV.PRS.3SG ‘I’ve just taken out the water from the refrigerator, let it cool.’ ↑ 2. Կաթը նոր եփեց, սպասիր գոլանա : Kat’ ǝ nor ep’-ec’ milk-DEF new boil-AOR.3SG spas-ir gol-an-a wait-IMP.2SG cool-INCH-SBJV.PRS.3SG ‘The milk has just boiled, wait [so that] it cools.’ ↓ Examples with gol ↓↑

11. Non-derived temperature terms zov, hov, paġNOT SO COLD saŕ ǝ, c’urt COLD gol VERY HOThur, šog, t‘ež, tot’, tap, bark HOT/WARMtak’

12. Non-derived temperature terms paġzov, hov COOL saŕ ǝ c‘urt COLD TACTILENON-TACTILE TACTILENON-TACTILE VERY HOT -šog, t‘ež, tot‘, bark HOT tak‘ gol

13. tak’ c’urt saŕ ǝ ĵerm paġ gol šog t‘ež zov hov metaphorical domain Temperature scale tactile non-tactile

14. Tactile vs. Non-Tactile vs. Metaphoric in terms of Cold vs. Warm Cold DomainWarm Domain term#% #% metaphoric սառը saŕ ǝ 9628 51% ջերմ ĵerm 706035% tactile 49% տաք tak’ 1283865% non-tactile ցուրտ c’urt 9354 Total 18982 19898

15. Addenda: Tactile temperatures salience: metaphorical extensions (for COLD), richer derivation Retrospective temperature: paġ ‘cool’ or ‘one that became cool’ Clothing temperature: extension from the basic tak’ ‘warm’ for warm clothes, not available for “cold clothes” (‘thin’ or ‘light’ insight) Personal temperature: derived only (verbal for ‘I’m cold’ and ‘I’m hot’; nominalization for fever) Liquid temperatures: basic terms tak’ ‘hot’, saŕ ǝ ‘cold’, gol ‘luke’, paġ ‘cool’, ‘one that became cool’)

16. Ջերմ շնորհակալությո՜ւն ուշադրության համար ĵerm šnorhakalut’yun(!) ušadrut’-yan hamar warm gratitudeattention-GEN for ‘Warm thanks you for your attention!’