1. Networks and Telecommunications
Business Plug-In B5
Networks and Telecommunications

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES Compare LANs, WANs, and MANs
List and describe the four components that differentiate networks
Compare the two types of network architectures
1. Compare LANs, WANs, and MANs
Local Area Network (LAN) - connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs, and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings.
Wide Area Network (WAN) – is a geographically dispersed telecommunications network. A WAN like the Internet spans most of the world. A wide area network is a geographically dispersed telecommunications network. A wide area network may be privately owned or rented, but the term usually implies the inclusion of public (shared user) networks.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network, but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network.
2. List and describe the four components that differentiate networks
Networks are differentiated by the following:
Architecture—peer-to-peer, client/server
Topology—bus, star, ring, hybrid, wireless
Protocols—Ethernet, Transmission Control Protocol
Media—coaxial, twisted-pair, fiber-optic
3. Compare the two types of network architectures
A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is any network without a central file server and in which all computers in the network have access to the public files located on all other workstations. A client is a computer that is designed to request information from a server. A server is a computer that is dedicated to providing information in response to external requests. A client/server network is a model for applications in which the bulk of the back-end processing, such as performing a physical search of a database, takes place on a server, while the front-end processing, which involves communicating with the users, is handled by the clients

3. LEARNING OUTCOMES
Explain topology and the different types found in networks
Describe TCP/IP along with its primary purpose
Identify the different media types found in networks
4. Explain topology and the different types found in networks
Network topology refers to the geometric arrangement of the actual physical organization of the computers and other network devices) in a network. The five common types found in networks include:
Bus - All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone. Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small networks.
Star - All devices are connected to a central device, called a hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub.
Ring - All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Ring topologies are relatively expensive and difficult to install, but they offer high bandwidth and can span large distances.
Hybrid - Groups of star-configured workstations are connected to a linear bus backbone cable, combining the characteristics of the bus and star topologies.
Wireless - Devices are connected by a receiver/transmitter to a special network interface card that transmits signals between a computer and a server, all within an acceptable transmission range.
5. Describe TCP/IP along with its primary purpose
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) provides the technical foundation for the public Internet as well as for large numbers of private networks.
6. Identify the different media types found in networks.
Wire media are transmission material manufactured so that signals will be confined to a narrow path and will behave predictably. The three most commonly used types of guided media are
Twisted-pair wiring
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic cable
Wireless media are natural parts of the Earth’s environment that can be used as physical paths to carry electrical signals.

4. Networks and Telecommunications
Telecommunication system - enable the transmission of data over public or private networks
Network - a communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers and establishing standards, or protocols, so that they can work together
CLASSROOM OPENER
HowStuffWorks
provides a wealth of knowledge ranging from computer basics to network infrastructures. There are several demos and diagrams. Show your students the site and demo the Internet Infrastructure.

5. Network Basics The three types of networks include:
Local area network (LAN)
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
Wide area network (WAN)
Music is the hottest new product line at ubiquitous coffee retailer Starbucks. In Starbucks stores, customers can burn CDs while sipping coffee, thanks to the company’s own online music library and increasingly sophisticated in-store network
Local area network (LAN) A computer network that uses cables or radio signals to link two or more computers within a geographically limited area, generally one building or a group of buildings. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN. The linked computers are called workstations.
Wide area network (WAN) A computer network that provides data communication services for business in geographically dispersed areas (such as across a country or around the world). The Internet is a WAN that spans the world.
Metropolitan area network (MAN) A computer network that provides connectivity in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by a local area network, but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network. A college or business may have a MAN that joins the different LANs across its campus.

6. Network Basics

7. Network Basics Networks are differentiated by the following:
Architecture - peer-to-peer, client/server
Topology - bus, star, ring, hybrid, wireless
Protocols - Ethernet, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Media - coaxial, twisted-pair, fiber-optic

8. Architecture There are two primary types of architectures
Peer-to-peer (P2P) network
Client/server network
What is the primary difference between these two types of architectures?
The server

9. Peer-to-peer Network
Peer-to-peer (P2P) network - any network without a central file server and in which all computers in the network have access to the public files located on all other workstations
BitTorrent is an excellent example of peer-to-peer
This is an excellent time to discuss the Apply Your Knowledge project on BitTorrent

10. Client/Server Network
Client - a computer that is designed to request information from a server
Server - a computer that is dedicated to providing information in response to external requests
Client/server network - model for applications in which the bulk of the back-end processing takes place on a server, while the front-end processing is handled by the clients

11. Client/Server Networks
Network operating system (NOS) - the operating system that runs a network, steering information between computers and managing security and users
Packet-switching - occurs when the sending computer divides a message into a number of efficiently sized units called packets, each of which contains the address of the destination computer
Router - an intelligent connecting device that examines each packet of data it receives and then decides which way to send it onward toward its destination

12. Client/Server Networks
Can you diagram your college’s network?

13. Client/Server Networks
Worldwide router growth
Why is the growth of routers increasing?
Is there a correlation between router growth and the increase of Internet use?

14. Topology
Network topology - refers to the geometric arrangement of the actual physical organization of the computers and other network devices) in a network
Bus
Star
Ring
Hybrid
Wireless
Bus - All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone. Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small networks
Star - All devices are connected to a central device, called a hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub
Ring - All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Ring topologies are relatively expensive and difficult to install, but they offer high bandwidth and can span large distances
Hybrid - Groups of star-configured workstations are connected to a linear bus backbone cable, combining the characteristics of the bus and star topologies
Wireless - Devices are connected by a receiver/transmitter to a special network interface card that transmits signals between a computer and a server, all within an acceptable transmission range

15. Topology
Which network topology is being used in your college?

16. Protocols
Protocol - a standard that specifies the format of data as well as the rules to be followed during transmission
Interoperability - the capability of two or more computer systems to share data and resources, even though they are made by different manufacturers
Why is interoperability so important in today's world?

17. Ethernet
Ethernet - a physical and data layer technology for LAN networking
If you are using a cable to connect to the Internet – is it Ethernet?

18. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) - provides the technical foundation for the public Internet as well as for large numbers of private network

19. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TCP/IP applications
File transfer protocol (FTP)
Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
Simple network management Protocol (SNMP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Allows files containing text, programs, graphics, numerical data, and so on to be downloaded off or uploaded onto a network.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) TCP/IP’s own messaging system for .
Telnet Protocol Provides terminal emulation that allows a personal computer or workstation to act as a terminal, or access device, for a server.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Allows Web browsers and servers to send and receive Web pages.
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Allows the management of networked nodes to be managed from a single point

20. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

21. Voice over IP (VoIP)
Voice over IP (VoIP) - uses TCP/IP technology to transmit voice calls over long-distance telephone lines
Numerous vendors offer VoIP services; however, the service works differently depending on the vendor’s IT infrastructure. The start-up Skype pairs P2P (peer-to-peer) technology with a PC’s sound card to create a voice service, which the user can use to call other Skype users. Unfortunately, the user can talk only to other Skype users. Vonage lets the user place calls to any person who has a mobile or landline (regular telephone) number. Vonage sends the call over a cable via a digital-to-analog converter. A few providers even offer an adapter for a traditional handset that plugs into a broadband modem. All of these vendors are providing VoIP, but the service and its features can vary significantly.

22. Media
Network transmission media - refers to the various types of media used to carry the signal between computers
Wire media (guided)
Wireless media (unguided)
CLASSROOM EXERCISE
Cell Phones and Airplanes
Break your students into groups and ask them to research the Internet to find the reasons why people are required to turn off their cell phones when they are on an airplane. There are two reasons why cell phones are not allowed on an airplane:
The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) bans the use of cell phones on airplanes because they could wreak havoc with cell phone systems on the ground. Signals from your cell phone, when you use it on or near the ground, reach just a few cell phone nodes near you and the node that is getting the strongest signal picks up your call. If you move, while driving your car or walking, the next node picks up the call. From the air, however, your phone's signal could reach miles, hitting many nodes at once, all with equal strength. Plus, you are moving at several hundred miles an hour. Cell phone systems were not designed to handle that.
The Federal Aviation Administration, for its part, supports the FCC ban for its own reasons. They fear cell phones may interfere with navigation and other aircraft systems.
Incident reports submitted by airline crews also demonstrate the potential for trouble. NASA's Aviation Safety Reporting System's "Passenger Electronic Devises Database Report Set" -- which could be subtitled "passengers behaving badly" -- contains several reports of incidents involving passengers whose "personal electronic devices" seemed to create disturbances in aircrafts' electronic systems.
Review the IM for a complete listing

23. Wire Media
Wire media - transmission material manufactured so that signals will be confined to a narrow path and will behave predictably
Three most commonly used types include:
Twisted-pair wiring
Coaxial cable
Fiber optic (or optical fiber)
Wire media are transmission material manufactured so that signals will be confined to a narrow path and will behave predictably. The three most commonly used types of guided media are
Twisted-pair wiring
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic cable
Twisted-pair wiring - refers to a type of cable composed of four (or more) copper wires twisted around each other within a plastic sheath
Coaxial cable – carries a wide range of frequencies with low signal loss
Fiber optic (or optical fiber) - refers to the technology associated with the transmission of information as light impulses along a glass wire or fiber

24. Wire Media

25. Wireless Media
Wireless media - natural parts of the Earth’s environment that can be used as physical paths to carry electrical signals

26. E-Business Network

27. E-Business Network
Virtual private network (VPN) - a way to use the public telecommunication infrastructure (e.g., Internet) to provide secure access to an organization’s network
Valued-added network (VAN) - a private network, provided by a third party, for exchanging information through a high capacity connection

28. Closing Case One Watching Where You Step - Prada
Prada recently spent millions on technology for its futuristic “epicenter” store - but the flashy technology turned into a high-priced hassle
Fickle fitting rooms—Doors that turn from clear to opaque confuse shoppers and frequently fail to open on cue
Failed RFID—Touch screens meant to spring to life when items are placed in the RFID “closets” are often just blank
Pointless PDAs—Salesclerks let the handheld devices gather dust and instead check the stockroom for inventory
Neglected network—A lag between sales and inventory systems makes the wireless network nearly irrelevant

29. Closing Case One Questions
Explain how Prada was anticipating using its wireless network to help its store operate more efficiently. What prevented the system from working correctly?
What could Prada have done to help its employees embrace the wireless network?
Would Prada have experienced the same issues if it had used a wire (guided) network instead of a wireless (unquided) network?
1. Explain how Prada was anticipating using its wireless network to help its store operate more efficiently. What prevented the system from working correctly?
Prada’s use of RFID is disruptive for the fashion industry. Using RFID to track inventory is not disruptive in the manufacturing industry or production industry, but it is a radical change from most specialty stores.
2. What could Prada have done to help its employees embrace the wireless network?
Prada could have implemented in phases and tested to ensure that the system worked and that the employees knew how to use it. By only having one or two employees learn the new system for a few items, they could have ensured that it worked and not overwhelmed the employees with the new technology. Employees were frequently overwhelmed with the number of customers they had to serve and found it easier to manually check inventory. If they were properly trained on the new system, they would have found that it was easier to check a hand-held device than to walk back and manually check inventory.
3. Would Prada have experienced the same issues if it had used a wire (guided) network instead of a wireless (unquided) network?
Implementing the technology in phases or pieces would have helped Prada gain success with its high-tech dressing rooms. Prada could have installed one high-tech dressing room and determined if customers were satisfied, if they understood how to use it, and if they liked or enjoyed them. Prada also could have installed the foot pedal first and got people accustomed to the technology of the windows and then installed the wireless inventory tracking screens. Again, small incremental steps would have been the best way for Prada to build a successful high-tech store.

30. Closing Case One Questions
What security issues would Prada need to be aware of concerning its wireless network?
What should Prada do differently when designing its fourth store to ensure its success?
4. What security issues would Prada need to be aware of concerning its wireless network?
IT infrastructure, security, e-business, and integration are the four primary information technology areas where organizations are focusing in the 21st century. If Prada wants to gain a competitive advantage, and remain competitive, it should continue to seek out new ways of using technology to disrupt its market. Prada was on the right path when building its high-tech stores, it just used the wrong development methodology and implementation methods.
5. What should Prada do differently when designing its fourth store to ensure its success?
Use an agile methodology to implement the new technology in small manageable pieces, which will allow the employees and the customers time to get used to each piece before learning a new piece.

31. Closing Case Two Banks Banking on Network Security
Bank of America, Commerce Bancorp, PNC Financial Services Group, and Wachovia were victims of a crime involving a person trying to obtain customer data and sell it to law firms and debt-collection agencies
In the past, banks were wary of the cost or customer backlash from adopting network security technologies
Today, banks are beefing up network security as more customers begin to view security as a key factor when choosing a bank

32. Closing Case Two Questions
What reason would a bank have for not wanting to adopt an online-transfer delay policy?
Why is network security crucial to financial institutions?
Explain the differences between the types of security offered by the banks in the case. Which bank would you open an account with and why?
1. What reason would a bank have for not wanting to adopt an online-transfer delay policy?
Operating in a 24x7 world means instant gratification for many people. Barclay’s online-transfer delay provides additional security, but losses real-time response, which many people expect when dealing with the Internet. A bank may choose not to implement an online-transfer delay if its customers view speed and efficiency a key factor.
2. What are the two primary lines of security defense and why are they important to financial institutions?
The two primary lines of security defense are people and technology. Since banks deal with money they must offer the most advanced security features to keep their customers finances safe. According to Figure 4.17, the financial industry has the fifth highest expenditure/investment per employee for computer security. An unsafe bank will not operate long.
3. Explain the difference between the types of security offered by the banks in the case. Which bank would you open an account with and why?
Bank of America is implementing authentication and authorization technologies such as online computer identification
Wells Fargo & Company is implementing authentication and authorization technologies such as additional password criteria
E-Trade Financial Corporation is implementing authentication and authorization technologies such as Digital Security IDs
Barclay’s Bank is implementing prevention technologies such as online-transfer delays and account monitoring

33. Closing Case Two Questions
What additional types of security, not mentioned in the case above, would you recommend a bank implement?
Identify three policies a bank should implement to help it improve information security
4. What additional types of security, not mentioned in the case above, would you recommend a bank implement?
Banks need to implement security technologies for all three primary areas including:
Authentication and authorization - something the user knows such as a user ID and password, something the user has such as a smart card or token, something that is part of the user such as fingerprint or voice signature
Prevention and resistance - content filtering, encryption, firewalls
Detection and response – antivirus software
Providing a combination of all three types is optimal
5. Identify three policies a bank should implement to help it improve information security?
Information security plans detail how the organization will implement the information security policies. Information security policies identify the rules required to maintain information security. Banks must implement information security plans that focus on the following:
Identification and assessment of risks to customer information, ensure the security and confidentiality of protected information, protect against unauthorized access to or use of protected information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer, interception of data during transmission, loss of data integrity, physical loss of data in a disaster, errors introduced into the system, corruption of data or systems, unauthorized access of data and information, unauthorized transfer of data to third parties