1. East and West

2. n A theoretical issue: geographical boundary, cultural boundary …. n An ethnocentric issue: what is the centre?

3. Why welfare developed? n Socio-economic perspectives: social needs and social problems; social needs and social problems; economic development; economic development; available of public money; available of public money; cultural and ideological explanation. cultural and ideological explanation. n Political perspective (who has the power?) n Statist perspective (state interest and legitimation issue)

4. The context n Formation of free market n Formation of state structure n Formation of nation’s building project n Benevolent state ideology n Weak opposition political forces n External forces (pressure and concern)

5. Confucian Welfare State n Limited state direct provision n Regulatory role n Familial and traditional value n Individual responsibility n Economic efficiency and gain n Limited public welfare provision (low level of de-commodification)

6. Welfare Output n Public expenditure (by item, by nature of expenditure -- capital or recurrent, by % to government total expenditure, by % of GDP/GNP) n social indicators (health, education) education) n composite indicators (HDI-UNDP) (HDI-UNDP)

7. Unfavorable factors for welfare development in Asia n anti-welfarism n limited public finance finance n too much unmet social needs and demands n war and social unrest