1. Java ThreadsGraphics Programming Graphics Programming: Graphics Devices

2. Agenda Principles of the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Vector Graphics Display Devices Raster Display Devices Graphics Device Architectures

3. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

4. Basic Principle of the CRT Electrons emitted here Focused here x axis deflection plate y axis deflection plate Phosphor coating Phosphor coating emits light from energy provided by electron beam but only lasts for short period and must be ‘refreshed’ to remove flicker of screen image. Typical refresh rates are 60Hz - 80 Hz the higher the more stable is the resultant display. Cheaper CRTs would not always support higher refresh rates.

5. Vector Displays Often referred to as Random Scan Devices, stroke- writing or calligraphic displays Picture definition stored as a set of line drawing commands Draws each component line in turn Originally designed for architectural and engineering layouts High resolutions with smooth point-to-point line drawing functions Not able to display photo-realistic images

6. Vector Displays

7. Raster Scan Displays Based on TV Technology Electron beam sweeps scan lines row by row down the phosphor screen based on information stored in the Frame Buffer ‘painting’ one line at a time Frame buffer holds total screen area Screen area comprised of picture elements (pixels, or pel) Often characterised by their resolution, aspect ratio, and colour depth.

8. Raster Scan

9. Display Architecture 1

10. Display Architecture 2

11. Raster Scan Properties Resolution = number of pixels avalable on display, 640 x 480 ( VGA ), 800 x 600, 1024 x 768 ( SVGA ) Aspect ratio = number of horizontal pixels / vertical pixels so 800 / 600 = 1.3. or 4 / 3 = 1024 / 768 etc 4/3 artistically (visually) pleasing? Try wide-screen! Bit depth determined by Frame Buffer - colours available for each pixel - determined by number of bits stored for each pixel - hence bits per pixel. 1 bit per pixel = monochrome (black and white) Typically 24 or 32 bits per pixel gives ‘true colour’

12. Aliasing

13. Aliased

14. Anti-aliased