1. SCLC Moves North: The 1966 Chicago Campaign HIS 265

2. Background: Chicago  Chicago had de facto residential segregation like most Northern cities Redlining made it difficult to get mortgages & insurance on the South & West Sides  285 out of 316 Chicago insurance companies redlined in 1960  Rates sometimes 700% higher for blacks Blacks had separate National Association of Real Estate Brokers because excluded from white National Association of Real Estate Boards Black homeownership increased 103% from 1960-1970  Chicago NAACP was largest chapter – over 50,000 members by 1960 10,000 marched to GOP convention in July to demand civil rights plank in platform Aug. 29 wade-in at Rainbow Beach touched off riot when Velma Murphy hit with rock

3. Progress in Residential Desegregation  1866 Civil Rights Act barred housing discrimination, but gov’t couldn’t enforce  Supreme Court ruled in NAACP’s favor: Buchanan v. Warley (1917) struck down residential segregation ordinances Shelly v. Kraemer (1948) outlawed restrictive covenants  1962 Housing Act ended discrimination in federally owned or funded housing

4. Focusing on de facto segregation  Watts Riot (1965) shook King Illustrated that gains had only addressed de jure segregation in South L.A. blacks were openly hostile to King  SCLC invited to Chicago by Jim Bevel, head of Coordinating Council of Community Organizations King & Young, 1965

5. Chicago Freedom Movement, 1966  Launched Jan. 1966 with 2 main goals: Ending de facto residential segregation – challenging Chicago Real Estate Board Operation Breadbasket (headed by Jesse Jackson) put pressure on businesses to hire more African Americans  Supporters & opponents: Supporters: United Packinghouse Workers & United Auto Workers, Catholic Interracial Council, & Chicago Conference on Religion & Race Opponents: Rev. Joseph Jackson (NBC head), Mayor Richard Daley & Black Muslims  Campaign had only modest success Riots in mid-July left 2 dead & over 80 injured Threatened march into Cicero led to Palmer House Summit (Aug. 29), where Chicago Real Estate Board agreed to withdraw opposition to open housing