1. 1. Images of Men in Advertising

2. As images of women become thinner and more “waifish”… As images of women become thinner and more “waifish”… …images of men becoming bigger, stronger, more muscular …images of men becoming bigger, stronger, more muscular

3. Print ads for male magazines increasingly emphasize male appearance and men’s bodies Print ads for male magazines increasingly emphasize male appearance and men’s bodies Increasingly feature toned and muscular men Increasingly feature toned and muscular men

4. Increase in ads for appearance- enhancing products for men Increase in ads for appearance- enhancing products for men Cosmetic companies now offer special lines designed for men Cosmetic companies now offer special lines designed for men Not labeled cosmetics Not labeled cosmetics Given masculine labels Given masculine labels Grooming gearGrooming gear skin suppliesskin supplies

5. Ads with attractive models don’t have same impact on young boys as on girls Ads with attractive models don’t have same impact on young boys as on girls Boys see fewer appearance-related ads targeted towards themBoys see fewer appearance-related ads targeted towards them Yet boys suffer body image problems Yet boys suffer body image problems Increasingly feel pressure to look “bulked up” and muscular Increasingly feel pressure to look “bulked up” and muscular

6. May see significant problem as more ads focus on men’s appearance and more grooming products marketed towards them May see significant problem as more ads focus on men’s appearance and more grooming products marketed towards them

7. 2. Weight Discrimination “The last socially acceptable prejudice”

8. Physical attractiveness matters in the workplace Directly affects: Job recommendations Job recommendations Evaluations of resumes Evaluations of resumes Recommended starting salaries Recommended starting salaries Promotional decisions Promotional decisions income income

9. Impact of weight on income Overweight men pay salary penalty Overweight men pay salary penalty $1,000 per year per pound overweight$1,000 per year per pound overweight Upper-level managers 20% overweight earn $4,000/yr. less Upper-level managers 20% overweight earn $4,000/yr. less Overweight people Overweight people earn salaries 10% to 20% lower than thinner colleaguesearn salaries 10% to 20% lower than thinner colleagues less likely to receive promotionsless likely to receive promotions

10. Impact greater on women Men generally judged against a medical standard Men generally judged against a medical standard i.e., table of desirable weights and heights published by Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.i.e., table of desirable weights and heights published by Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. Female executives judged by more aesthetic standard Female executives judged by more aesthetic standard “size-eight straitjacket”“size-eight straitjacket” Heavy women earn 12% less than thinner peers Heavy women earn 12% less than thinner peers Heavy men earn 5% less than thinner peers Heavy men earn 5% less than thinner peers

11. 16% of employers admitted they wouldn’t hire obese women under any conditions 16% of employers admitted they wouldn’t hire obese women under any conditions According to NIH, 55% of Americans are “obese”According to NIH, 55% of Americans are “obese” 44% of employers would only hire under certain circumstances 44% of employers would only hire under certain circumstances On average, overweight women earn $6,710 less than thin women On average, overweight women earn $6,710 less than thin women

12. Legal protection No legal protection for “appearance discrimination” No legal protection for “appearance discrimination” Four jurisdictions prohibit weight discrimination: Four jurisdictions prohibit weight discrimination: State of MichiganState of Michigan Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C. Santa Cruz, CASanta Cruz, CA San Francisco, CASan Francisco, CA Otherwise weight discrimination not illegal unless plaintiff is sufficiently overweight to be considered disabled Otherwise weight discrimination not illegal unless plaintiff is sufficiently overweight to be considered disabled Americans with Disabilities Act appliesAmericans with Disabilities Act applies