1. ASCII Code Table (7 bit) UNICODE (16 bit) - UTF-8 provides a 16 bit superset of ASCII

2. 2’s Complement Sign Extention Positive numbers Negative numbers

3. 2’s Complement Arithmetic Addition Subtraction Multiplication, Division ?

4. Round off Errors Errors due to inherent imprecision of computers / computation

5. Overflow Adding two numbers which results In a sum that is too large to store: A + B A - B

6. Underflow A calculation in floating point that results in an intermediate result that is essentially zero.

7. Floating Point Numbers Example: -56.67534 x 10 -5 Sign Fraction Exponent

8. Single Precision Floating Point Numbers IEEE Standard Single Precision Floating Point Numbers are 32 bits long: S EEEEEEEE FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Sign – 1 bit Exponent – 8 bits Fraction – 23 bits The value V: If E=255 and F is nonzero, then V= NaN ("Not a number") If E=255 and F is zero and S is 1, then V= - Infinity If E=255 and F is zero and S is 0, then V= Infinity If 0<E<255 then V= (-1)**S * 2 ** (E-127) * (1.F) If E=0 and F is nonzero, then V= (-1)**S * 2 ** (-126) * (0.F) ("unnormalized" values”) If E=0 and F is zero and S is 1, then V= - 0 If E=0 and F is zero and S is 0, then V = 0

9. Double Precision Floating Point Numbers IEEE Standard Double Precision Floating Point Numbers are 64 bits long: S EEEEEEEEEEE FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Sign – 1 bit Exponent – 11 bits Fraction – 52 bits The value V: If E=2047 and F is nonzero, then V= NaN ("Not a number") If E=2047 and F is zero and S is 1, then V= - Infinity If E=2047 and F is zero and S is 0, then V= Infinity If 0<E<2047 then V= (-1)**S * 2 ** (E-1023) * (1.F) If E=0 and F is nonzero, then V= (-1)**S * 2 ** (-1022) * (0.F) ("unnormalized" values) If E=0 and F is zero and S is 1, then V= - 0 If E=0 and F is zero and S is 0, then V= 0

10. Chapter 3 Digital Logic Structures The Transistor CMOS Devices Implementing Logic with CMOS Devices Combinational Logic Circuits Decoders Mux’s Full Adder PLA’s

11. Introduction to MOS N-type MOS

12. N-Type MOS Devices

13. P-Type MOS Devices

14. CMOS Device - Inverter p channel device n channel device CMOS Inverter 3-5 volts

15. CMOS NOR Gate NOR Gate

16. CMOS OR Gate OR Gate

17. CMOS AND Gate AND Gate

18. 2 BIT Decoder