1. Project GreenLight Measuring the Energy Cost of Applications, Algorithms, and Architectures CENIC Awards Presentation Long Beach, CA March 10, 2009 Larry Smarr, Tom DeFanti, Greg Hidley California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology, UCSD

2. Calit2’s GreenLight Project Receives CENIC’s 2009 Innovations in Networking Award--Experimental-Developmental Applications www.calit2.net/newsroom/release.php?id=1485

3. The Planet is Already Committed to a Dangerous Level of Warming Temperature Threshold Range that Initiates the Climate-Tipping V. Ramanathan and Y. Feng, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD September 23, 2008 www.pnas.org/content/105/38/14245.abstract Additional Warming over 1750 Level 90% of the Additional 1.6 Degree Warming Will Occur in the 21 st Century

4. The IPCC Recommends a 25-40% Reduction Below 1990 Levels by 2020 On September 27, 2006, Governor Schwarzenegger signed California the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 –Assembly Bill 32 (AB32) –Requires Reduction of GHG by 2020 to 1990 Levels –15% Reduction from 2008 Levels –4 Tons of CO 2 -equiv. for Every Person in California The European Union Requires Reduction of GHG by 2020 to 20% Below 1990 Levels (12/12/2008) Australia has Pledged to Cut by 2020 its GHG Emissions 5% from 2000 Levels via the World's Broadest Cap &Trade Scheme (12/15/08) [~5% Below 1990 Levels] Neither the U.S. or Canada has an Official Target Yet –President Elect Obama Has Endorsed the AB32 2020 Goal

5. ICT is a Critical Element in Achieving Countries Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Targets Applications of ICT could enable emissions reductions of 7.8 Gt CO 2 e in 2020, or 15% of business as usual emissions. But it must keep its own growing footprint in check and overcome a number of hurdles if it expects to deliver on this potential. www.smart2020.org

6. The Global ICT Carbon Footprint Roughly the Same as the Aviation Industry Today www.smart2020.org But ICT is Growing at 6% Annually!

7. ICT Industry is Already Acting to Reduce Carbon Footprint

8. Electricity Usage by U.S. Data Centers: Emission Reductions are Underway Source: Silicon Valley Leadership Group Report July 29, 2008 https://microsite.accenture.com/svlgreport/Documents/pdf/SVLG_Report.pdf

9. The NSF-Funded GreenLight Project Giving Users Greener Compute and Storage Options Measure and Control Energy Usage: –Sun Has Shown up to 40% Reduction in Energy –Active Management of Disks, CPUs, etc. –Measures Temperature at 5 Levels in 8 Racks –Power Utilization in Each of the 8 Racks –Chilled Water Cooling Systems UCSD Structural Engineering Dept. Conducted Sun MD Tests May 2007 UCSD (Calit2 & SOM) Bought Two Sun MDs May 2008 $2M NSF-Funded GreenLight Project Source: Tom DeFanti, Calit2; GreenLight PI

10. The GreenLight Project: Instrumenting the Energy Cost of Computational Science Focus on 5 Communities with At-Scale Computing Needs: –Metagenomics –Ocean Observing –Microscopy –Bioinformatics –Digital Media Measure, Monitor, & Web Publish Real-Time Sensor Outputs –Via Service-oriented Architectures –Allow Researchers Anywhere To Study Computing Energy Cost –Enable Scientists To Explore Tactics For Maximizing Work/Watt Develop Middleware that Automates Optimal Choice of Compute/RAM Power Strategies for Desired Greenness Partnering With Minority-Serving Institutions Cyberinfrastructure Empowerment Coalition Source: Tom DeFanti, Calit2; GreenLight PI

11. Planned UCSD Energy Instrumented Cyberinfrastructure N x 10 Gbit 10 Gigabit L2/L3 Switch Eco-Friendly Storage and Compute Microarray Your Lab Here On-Demand Physical Connections “Network in a box “ > 200 Connections DWDM or Gray Optics Active Data Replication Source:Phil Papadopoulos, SDSC/Calit2 Wide-Area 10G Cenic/HPR NLR Cavewave Cinegrid …

12. Threat to CI Deployment—CSE Research Needed on How to Deploy a Green CI Computer Architecture –Rajesh Gupta/CSE Software Architecture –Amin Vahdat, Ingolf Kruger/CSE CineGrid Exchange –Tom DeFanti/Calit2 Visualization –Falko Kuster/Structural Engineering Power and Thermal Management –Tajana Rosing/CSE Analyzing Power Consumption Data –Jim Hollan/Cog Sci Direct DC Datacenters –Tom Defanti, Greg Hidley http://greenlight.calit2.net MRI Source: Tom DeFanti, Calit2; GreenLight PI

13. GreenLight Project: Putting Machines To Sleep Transparently 13 Peripheral Laptop Low power domain Network interface Secondary processor Network interface Management software Management software Main processor, RAM, etc Main processor, RAM, etc Somniloquy Enables Servers to Enter and Exit Sleep While Maintaining Their Network and Application Level Presence Rajesh Gupta, UCSD CSE; Calit2

14. Improve Mass Spectrometry’s Green Efficiency By Matching Algorithms to Specialized Processors Inspect Implements the Very Computationally Intense MS-Alignment Algorithm for Discovery of Unanticipated Rare or Uncharacterized Post- Translational Modifications Solution: Hardware Acceleration with a FPGA-Based Co-Processor –Identification and Characterization of Key Kernel for MS-Alignment Algorithm –Hardware Implementation of Kernel on Novel FPGA-based Co-Processor (Convey Architecture) Results: –300x Speedup & Increased Computational Efficiency Large Savings in Energy Per Application Task

15. Virtualization at Cluster Level for Consolidation and Energy Efficiency Fault Isolation and Software Heterogeneity, Need to Provision for Peak Leads to: –Severe Under-Utilization –Inflexible Configuration –High Energy Utilization Usher / DieCast enable: –Consolidation onto Smaller Footprint of Physical Machines –Factor of 10+ Reduction in Machine Resources and Energy Consumption Original Service Virtualized Service Source: Amin Vadhat, CSE, UCSD Usher

16. GreenLight Provides a Environment for Innovative “Greener” Products to be Tested www.calit2.net/newsroom/article.php?id=1482 Quadrics Was Designed to Use 20% and 80% Less Power per Port Than Other Products in the 10 GigE Market

17. The GreenLight Project Focuses on Minimizing Energy for Key User Communities Microbial Metagenomics Ocean Observing Microscopy Bioinformatics Digital Media—CineGrid Project –Calit2 will Host TB of Media Assets in GreenLight CineGrid Exchange to Measure and Propose Reductions in the “Carbon Footprint” Generated by: –File Transfers and –Computational Tasks –Required for Digital Cinema and Other High Quality Digital Media Applications

18. UCSD is Installing Zero Carbon Emission Solar and Fuel Cell DC Electricity Generators San Diego’s Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant Produces Waste Methane UCSD 2.8 Megawatt Fuel Cell Power Plant Uses Methane 2 Megawatts of Solar Power Cells Being Installed Available Late 2009

19. Zero Carbon GreenLight Experiment: Direct DC-Powered Modular Data Center Concept—Avoid DC to AC to DC Conversion Losses –Computers Use DC Power Internally –Solar and Fuel Cells Produce DC –Both Plug into the AC Power Grid –Can We Use DC Directly (With or Without the AC Grid)? DC Generation Can Be Intermittent –Depends on Source –Solar, Wind, Fuel Cell, Hydro –Can Use Sensors to Shut Down or Sleep Computers –Can Use Virtualization to Halt/Shift Jobs Experiment Planning Just Starting –Collaboration with Sun and LBNL –NSF GreenLight Year 2 and Year 3 Funds Source: Tom DeFanti, Calit2; GreenLight PI DC Fuel Cell 2800kWatts Sun Box <200kWatt

20. Toward “Zero Carbon” ICT Green Cloud Computing and Storage Purchasing Green Power Locally is Expensive with Significant Transmission Line Losses –Demand for Green Power Within Cities is Growing Dramatically –ICT Facilities Don’t Need To Be Located In Cities But Most Renewable Energy Sites are Very Remote and Impractical to Connect to Electrical Grid – Can be Easily Reached by an Optical Network – Provide Independence from Electrical Utility – Savings in Transmission Line Losses (Up To 15% Alone) –Plus Carbon Offsets Can Pay for Moving ICT Facilities to Renewable Energy Site Calit2 is Discussing Partnering with Canada –Move a GreenLight Facility to Hydro Site in British Columbia, –Link by 10Gbps Optical Fiber to Calit2—Offer to Remote Users Source: Bill St. Arnaud, CANARIE, Canada

21. Coupling AARNet - CENIC/PW - CANARIE Optical Nets: An Australian-U.S.-Canada Green Cloud Testbed Toward Zero Carbon ICT

22. Application of ICT Can Lead to a 5-Fold Greater Decrease in GHGs Than its Own Carbon Footprint Major Opportunities for the United States* –Smart Electrical Grids –Smart Transportation Systems –Smart Buildings –Virtual Meetings * Smart 2020 United States Report Addendum www.smart2020.org While the sector plans to significantly step up the energy efficiency of its products and services, ICT’s largest influence will be by enabling energy efficiencies in other sectors, an opportunity that could deliver carbon savings five times larger than the total emissions from the entire ICT sector in 2020. --Smart 2020 Report

23. International Symposia on Green ICT Calit2@UCSD

24. “It Will Be the Biggest Single Peacetime Project Humankind Will Have Ever Undertaken”