1. Mathematics for all: sense and nonsense of statistical representations Heleen Verhage, Freudenthal Institute PME25 Summer Institute, 18-20 July 2001.

2. Mathematical literacy (OECD/PISA): "Mathematics literacy is an individual’s capacity to identify and understand the role that mathematics plays in the world, to make well-founded mathematical judgements and to engage in mathematics, in ways that meet the needs of that individual’s current and future life as a constructive, concerned and reflective citizen."

3. Planetary orbits, 10 th or 11 th century

4. William Playfair (1759-1823) Inventor of: Line graph Bar graph Pie chart Examples of time series and multivariate analysis

5. Playfair: Trade balance of England,

6. Playfair: import and export in Scotland, 1786

7. Playfair: timeseries (250 years: 1565-1821) of price of wheat and wages of labour

8. Playfair: area of countries (circles), population (left line seg.) and tax revenu (right line seg.). An example of ‘multivariate analysis’

9. Tufte: Graphical excellence begins with telling the truth about the data.

10. USA population piramids, 1874

11. Charles Minard (1781-1870) New techniques: Use of area as a measure Use of maps

12. Minard: carrying traffic by train, area proportional with revenues.

13. 1. Tell the story of this graph 2. How many variables in the graph?

14. Minard: French army on its way to Moscow

15. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

16. Nightingale: original version of the coxcomb graph (1858)

17. Source: Scientific American

18. Textbook: ‘Getal & Ruimte”

19. Nightingale: bar graphs to compare conditions in the army with civilian life

20. Florence Nightingale in later life

21. “There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies and statistics” (Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881))

22. College enrollment Tufte: “the worsest graph ever made…”

23. Tufte: The number of information- carrying dimensions depicted should not exceed the number of dimensions in the data.

24. example of lie factor (source: Tufte)

25. Taken from textbook

26. Between saying and doing…

27. Selling of icecream

28. Manic-Depressive Illness

29. Timeline of Robert Schumann

30. Graphical excellence is that which gives to the viewer: - the greatest number of ideas - in the shortest time - with the least ink - in the smallest space

31. Relevant literature: Darrell Huff (1954). How to lie with statistics. Reprinted in Penguin and Pelican books. Edward R. Tufte (1983). The visual Display of Quantitive Information. Cheshire: graphics Press. M.J. Moroney: facts from figures. First published in 1951. Howard Wainer (1997). Visual revealations. New York: Copernicus-Springer

32. Relevant websites: http://hotspur.psych.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/ http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/ http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk http://www.fi.uu.nl/wiskrant/artikelen/hist_grafieken http://www.usatoday.com/snapshot/news/snapndex.ht mhttp://www.usatoday.com/snapshot/news/snapndex.ht m