Download presentation
1
Urinary System Review Questions: 1
Urinary System Review Questions: 1. This system would be lined with what type of membrane? 2. What type of epithelial tissue would line the opening of the urethra (the exit of the tract)? 3. What type of epithelial tissue would line the majority of the tract? 4. What type of muscle would line the walls of this tract? 5. What parasympathetic nerve would supply the urinary system? Hint: We’re below the hips!
2
Functions Influences blood pressure (Renin) Controls pH Removes excesses Activates Vitamin D
3
T12-L3 Adrenal gland Hilum 956 Anterior Inferior vena cava Peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity (organs removed) Aorta Supportive tissue layers Renal vein • Renal fascia anterior posterior Renal artery • Perirenal fat capsule • Fibrous (True) capsule Body of vertebra L2 Body wall Posterior (a) T12-L3 Adrenal gland Hilum 12th rib (b) 956
4
Renal cortex Renal medulla Major calyx Papilla of pyramid Renal hilum
filtering Renal cortex Salt, collecting ducts Renal medulla Major calyx Papilla of pyramid Renal hilum Renal pelvis Minor calyx Ureter Renal pyramid in renal medulla Renal column Fibrous capsule (b) Diagrammatic view 957
5
Cortical radiate vein (Interlobular) Cortical radiate artery (Interlobular) Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Segmental arteries Renal vein Renal artery Renal pelvis Ureter Renal medulla Renal cortex (a) Frontal section illustrating major blood vessels 958
6
Nephron-associated blood vessels
Aorta Inferior vena cava Renal artery Renal vein Segmental artery Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Arcuate vein Cortical radiate vein Interlobular Arcuate artery Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta Cortical radiate artery Interlobular Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Glomerulus (capillaries) Nephron-associated blood vessels (see Figure 25.7) (b) Path of blood flow through renal blood vessels 958
7
961 Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron Efferent arteriole
Cortical radiate vein Renal corpuscle Glomerular capillaries (glomerulus) Cortical radiate artery Afferent arteriole Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule Collecting duct Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Ascending or thick limb of the loop of Henle Corticomedullary junction Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Cortex Vasa recta Loop of Henle Medulla Renal pelvis Descending or thin limb of loop of Henle Ureter Kidney (a) 961
8
The Nephron absorption 959 Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal corpuscle
Glomerular capsule: parietal layer Renal cortex Basement membrane Renal medulla Renal corpuscle Podocyte Renal pelvis • Glomerular capsule Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus • Glomerulus Distal convoluted tubule Ureter Glomerular capsule: visceral layer Kidney Microvilli Mitochondria Proximal convoluted tubule absorption Highly infolded plasma membrane Cortex Proximal convoluted tubule cells Medulla Thick segment Distal convoluted tubule cells Thin segment Loop of Henle • Descending limb • Ascending limb Collecting duct Loop of Henle (thin-segment) cells Principal cell Intercalated cell Collecting duct cells 959
9
Renal corpuscle filtrate 964 Glomerular Efferent capsular space
arteriole Proximal convoluted tubule filtrate Afferent arteriole Cytoplasmic extensions of podocytes Glomerular capillary covered by podocyte- containing visceral layer of glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule Filtration slits Parietal layer of glomerular Capsule (Bowman’s) Podocyte cell body (a) Glomerular capillaries and the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule Fenestrations (pores) Glomerular capillary endothelium (podocyte covering and basement membrane removed) Foot processes of podocyte 964
10
DCT 962 Efferent arteriole Glomerular capsule Glomerulus Afferent
Foot processes of podocytes Parietal layer of glomerular capsule Podocyte cell body (visceral layer) Capsular space Red blood cell Efferent arteriole Proximal tubule cell Juxtaglomerular apparatus • Macula densa cells of the ascending limb of loop of Henle Lumens of glomerular capillaries • Extraglomerular mesangial cells Endothelial cell of glomerular capillary • Granular cells Afferent arteriole Mesangial cells between capillaries Juxtaglomerular apparatus Renal corpuscle 962
11
-Fibrous CT -Smooth muscle circular longitudinal -Transitional Ep. Hepatic veins (cut) Esophagus (cut) Inferior vena cava Renal artery Adrenal gland Renal hilum Aorta Renal vein Kidney Iliac crest Ureter Retroperitoneal Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female reproductive system) Urinary bladder Urethra 955
12
Internal urethral sphincter Prostate Prostatic urethra
Below Peritoneum (Holding Chamber) Peritoneum Ureter Rugae Transitional Ep. Detrusor muscle 3 layers Adventitia Micturition Reflex (para.) Ureteric orifices Trigone of bladder Bladder neck Internal urethral sphincter Prostate Prostatic urethra Urogenital diaphragm External urethral sphincter Membranous urethra Mucous membrane & Submucosa Spongy urethra Erectile tissue of penis External urethral orifice (a) Male. The long male urethra has three regions: prostatic, membranous and spongy. 981
13
Peritoneum Ureter Rugae Detrusor muscle Ureteric orifices Bladder neck
Internal urethral sphincter Trigone External urethral sphincter 1.5” 3 layers -mucosa -spongy -sm. muscle Urogenital diaphragm Urethra Cystitis External urethral orifice (b) Female.
14
Glomerular capillaries
Afferent arteriole Glomerular capillaries Efferent arteriole Cortical radiate artery Glomerular capsule Rest of renal tubule containing filtrate Peritubular capillary Three major renal processes: Glomerular filtration To cortical radiate vein Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion Urine 963
15
Myogenic Autoregulation -increased stretch causes constriction
-decreased stretch causes dilation Sympathetic stim. Afferent arteriole Glomerular capsule Net Filtration Pressure NFP= (BHP-CHP)-BOP Glomerular filtration rate (120 ml/min) Glomerular (blood) hydrostatic pressure (HPg = 55 mm Hg) out 10 mm Hg Blood colloid osmotic pressure (Opg = 30 mm Hg) in Net filtration pressure Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc = 15 mm Hg) in 965
16
Monitors NaCl in filtrate at DCT
Efferent arteriole Glomerular capsule Glomerulus Afferent arteriole Foot processes of podocytes Parietal layer of glomerular capsule Podocyte cell body (visceral layer) Capsular space Red blood cell Efferent arteriole Proximal tubule cell Juxtaglomerular apparatus Monitors NaCl in filtrate at DCT • Macula densa cells of the ascending limb of loop of Henle (DCT) Lumens of glomerular capillaries • Extraglomerular mesangial cells Endothelial cell of glomerular capillary • Granular cells (JG cells) Afferent arteriole High filtrate production= more NaCl Low filtrate production= less NaCl Mesangial cells between capillaries Juxtaglomerular apparatus Renal corpuscle 962
17
Macula Densa. High Flow. Low Flow. (high NaCl)
Macula Densa High Flow Low Flow (high NaCl) (low NaCl) JG (granular) cells JG (granular) cells -vasoconstrictor to -vasodilator to afferent arteriole afferent arteriole Renin Decreases BHP at glom. Increases BHP at glom. and filtrate production and increases filtrate production
18
Figure 19.10 Direct and indirect (hormonal) mechanisms for renal control of blood pressure.
Direct renal mechanism Indirect renal mechanism (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) Initial stimulus Physiological response Result Arterial pressure Arterial pressure Inhibits baroreceptors Sympathetic nervous system activity Filtration by kidneys Angiotensinogen Renin release from kidneys Angiotensin I Granular cells Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) Angiotensin II Urine formation ADH release by posterior pituitary Thirst via hypothalamus Vasoconstriction; peripheral resistance Adrenal cortex Secretes Aldosterone Blood volume Sodium reabsorption by kidneys Water reabsorption by kidneys Water intake Blood volume Mean arterial pressure Mean arterial pressure 708 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
19
Make more urine 1001 Stretch of atria of heart due to BP Releases
Negative feedback Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Targets Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary JG apparatus of the kidney Adrenal cortex Effects Effects Renin release* ADH release Aldosterone release Angiotensin II Inhibits Inhibits Collecting ducts of kidneys Vasodilation Effects Na+ and H2O reabsorption Make more urine Results in Blood volume Results in Blood pressure 1001
20
80% of reabsorption in PCT
1 At the basolateral membrane, Na+ is pumped into the interstitial space by the Na+-K+ ATPase. Active Na+ transport creates concentration gradients that drive: 2 “Downhill” Na+ entry at the luminal membrane. Nucleus Filtrate in tubule lumen Interstitial fluid Peri- tubular capillary Tubule cell 3 Reabsorption of organic nutrients and certain ions by cotransport at the luminal membrane. Na+ 2 3Na+ 3Na+ 1 Glucose Amino acids Some ions Vitamins 4 Reabsorption of water by osmosis. Water reabsorption increases the concentration of the solutes that are left behind. These solutes can then be reabsorbed as they move down their concentration gradients: 2K+ 2K+ 3 K+ 4 obligatory H2O Lipid-soluble substances 5 6 5 Lipid-soluble substances diffuse by the transcellular route. Cl–, Ca2+, K+ and other ions, urea Cl– Paracellular route Tight junction Primary active transport Transport protein 6 Cl– (and other anions), K+, and urea diffuse by the paracellular route. Secondary active transport Ion channel or aquaporin Passive transport (diffusion) Renal Plasma Threshold 970
22
Obligatory reabsorption into vasa recta (peritubular capillaries)
Osmolality of interstitial fluid (mOsm) Filtrate entering the loop of Henle is isosmotic to both blood plasma and cortical interstitial fluid. H2O NaCI Cortex Active transport Passive transport H2O NaCI Water impermeable H2O NaCI Obligatory reabsorption into vasa recta (peritubular capillaries) The descending limb: • Permeable to H2O • Impermeable to NaCl As filtrate flows, it becomes increasingly concentrated as H2O leaves the tubule by osmosis. The filtrate osmolality increases from 300 to 1200 mOsm. H2O NaCI Outer medulla H2O NaCI H2O H2O Inner medulla Loop of Henle The ascending limb: • Impermeable to H2O • Permeable to NaCl Filtrate becomes increasingly dilute as NaCl leaves, eventually becoming hypo-osmotic to blood at 100 mOsm in the cortex. NaCl leaving the ascending limb increases the osmolality of the medullary interstitial fluid. (a) Countercurrent multiplier. The long loops of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons create the medullary osmotic gradient. 975
23
Water channels inserted in collecting duct (facultative reabsorption)
Active transport Passive transport Water channels inserted in collecting duct (facultative reabsorption) Collecting duct H2O Descending limb of loop of Henle H2O DCT Cortex H2O NaCI H2O H2O NaCI Outer medulla H2O NaCI Urea Caffeine & Alcohol H2O H2O Urea Inner medulla H2O Small volume of concentrated urine (b) Maximal ADH 977
24
(a) Proximal convoluted tubule: • 65% of filtrate volume reabsorbed
Tubular Secretion Na+ (65%) Glucose Amino acids H2O (65%) and many ions (e.g. Cl– and K+) Milliosmols Cortex (d) (a) 300 (e) Outer medulla (b) (c) 600 Some drugs H+, NH4+ HCO3– Penicillin Histamine Inner medulla Blood pH regulation (a) Proximal convoluted tubule: • 65% of filtrate volume reabsorbed • Na+, glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients actively transported; H2O and many ions follow passively • H+ and NH4+ secretion and HCO3– reabsorption to maintain blood pH (see Chapter 26) • Some drugs are secreted 1200 Active transport (primary or secondary) Passive transport 973
25
• H2O reabsorption through aquaporins regulated by ADH
Milliosmols Cortex H2O regulated by ADH (d) (a) 300 Regulated by aldosterone: Urea; increased by ADH Na+ (e) Outer medulla (b) K+ Blood pH regulation (c) 600 H+ HCO3– Inner medulla NH4+ 1200 (e) Collecting duct • H2O reabsorption through aquaporins regulated by ADH • Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion regulated by aldosterone • H+ and HCO3– reabsorption or secretion to maintain blood pH (see Chapter 26) • Urea reabsorption increased by ADH Active transport (primary or secondary) Passive transport 973
26
ADH (Vasopressin) Vasoconstriction Water channels Diabetes Insipidus
Osmolality Na+ concentration in plasma Plasma volume BP (10–15%) Stimulates Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus Inhibits Negative feedback inhibits Baroreceptors in atrium and large vessels Stimulates Stimulates Posterior pituitary Releases ADH Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Targets Vasoconstriction Collecting ducts of kidneys Effects Water channels Water reabsorption Diabetes Insipidus -Low ADH Results in Osmolality Plasma volume Scant urine 996
27
K+ (or Na+) concentration
Aldosterone K+ (or Na+) concentration in blood plasma* Renin-angiotensin mechanism Stimulates Adrenal cortex Negative feedback inhibits Releases Aldosterone Targets DCT and collecting ducts Kidney tubules Effects Na+ reabsorption K+ secretion Restores Addison’s Disease (low) Aldosteronism (High) Homeostatic plasma levels of Na+ and K+ 1000
28
611 1 2 3 Hypocalcemia (low blood Ca2+) stimulates
parathyroid glands to release PTH. Rising Ca2+ in blood inhibits PTH release. Bone PTH activates osteoclasts: Ca2+ and PO43S released into blood. 1 PTH increases Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney tubules. 2 Kidney PTH promotes kidney’s activation of vitamin D, which increases Ca2+ absorption from food. 3 Intestine Ca2+ ions Bloodstream PTH Molecules 611
29
proteins Fatty acids -bilirubin -hepatitis or cirrhosis WBC’s
30
CSF Humors
31
100 ml Feces 4% Metabolism 10% 250 ml Sweat 8% 200 ml
variable 100 ml Feces 4% Metabolism 10% 250 ml Sweat 8% 200 ml Insensible losses via skin and lungs 28% Foods 30% 750 ml 700 ml 2500 ml Urine 60% 1500 ml 1500 ml Beverages 60% controlled Average intake per day Average output per day 994 2500 ml. 2500 ml.
32
Interstitial vs. Intracellular
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.