1. Phylogeny and Evolution By: Bernice Onuoha Kelechi Okereke Edima Akpan Will Zepeda-Campos

2. Phylogeny is basically the study of how closely related organisms are to one another through what derived traits they shared The study of phylogeny is important so we can trace back how us humans, for example, evolved from a common ancestor and what common derived traits we shared with other organisms We have constructed tree phylogenies for candy, mammals, human migration, and viruses An Introduction to Evolution/Phylogeny

3. Techniques and Vocabulary Node- the point of common ancestry between two or more species Clade- consists of a single organism and all of its descendents. Synapomorphy- a shared derived character that evolved exclusively Out-group- an organism that is closely related to the rest of the group but has the least common trait Convergence – when a similar trait evolves more than once in different organisms Polytomy- where more than two branches are branching off from the base of the tree diagram Distance Method (Neighbor Joining)- the “quick and dirty” method used to determine how closely related organisms are to one another by using the number of changes that occurred between two organisms Maximum Parsimony- technique used to make phylogenies using parsimony, assumes the simplest explanation is the correct explanation Bootstrapping- a technique used to make tree diagrams in order for them to be read more accurately

4. Hershey’s Dove Kit Kat M&Ms Twix Snickers Baby Ruth starburst Greater than 230 calories Wafer/cookie More than 230 calories, Gain caramel Gained nut and nougat Loss of pieces and wafer Loss of fruitiness Candy pieces

5. ? Star burst Hershey’s Dove Kit Kat M&Ms Twix Snickers Baby Ruth

7. chicken Echidna kangaroo wolfcat human monkey porcupine rabbit Hedge hog Open eye socket hair quills viviparity placenta Distinct canines quills Closed eye sockets Distinct canines quills Grinding teeth Ever-growing incisors

8. Bootstrapping tells the confidence (%) of the node and if it can be trusted Based on this phylogeny, Africa is the origin of humans because of its prevalence among the different nodes. Also it can be traced back the farthest Made by mitochondrial sequence in DNA of different human populations

10. Migration of human population This map shows the migration of the human population starting with the origin in Africa.

12. The tree shows: The different strain of the Swine Flu virus around the world That Swine Flu spread quickly and evolves rapidly Battle in evolution: Humans and viruses have coexisted for millions of years. Humans fight viruses using vaccines which are weakened forms of the virus, which helps the immune system recognize the virus to produce antibodies Viruses change in order to infect

14. conclusion Phylogenies are useful because it helps us to better understand how different organisms are related. The projects that we did helped us to better understand how to make phylogenies