1. 1 Design of Evacuation System for High-Rise Building Danqing Yu

2. 2 Purchase of elevators/stairs  Type of building  Primal use of elevators  No. of floors  No. of elevators and stairs  Type of elevators (geared/gearless/hydraulic)  Maximum capacity (in lbs)  Maximum speed (in ft/min)  Nominal width of stairs (in inch/mm)  Additional requirements (accessories, aesthetics, voltage requirements, opening size, security requirements, etc)

3. 3   Prolonged use of normal elevators during emergency   Evacuation algorithms~ determine the order floor are evacuated   Sensors to verify system reliability during evacuation and to ensure elevators do not stop at floors where the lobby is on fire   Active command from persons responsible for security   Compartmentalization of lobbies, shafts and cars   Redundant exit routes connecting to lobbies   Redundant electrical power   Protection against water/fire/toxic agents Evacuation elevators in emergency

4. 4 Firefighters’ elevators in emergency  One or two firefighter’s elevators in a building (> 30m)  Serve every floor in the building  Typical load in Europe is 630kg (8 persons)  Handling capacity, 25 disable persons within 0.5 Hour  Do not accommodate major population evacuation needs  Protected lobby and machine room for fire resistance of at least two hours  Second power supply  Communication system

5. 5 Parameters for Evacuation System Parameters of Building Evacuation Traffic Flow  Building population (> 100 persons per floor)  No. of floors: f (> 25 floors)  Average passenger walking speed: (0.5~0.75m/s)  Passenger density during emergency (1 person/0.46m 2 ) Configuration for Evacuation System  Proportion of population evacuated by stairs and elevators (Half – half, > 15 th floor ~ elevators, < 15 th floor ~ stairs 3% for floor 1~13, 100% for floor 11~ 14 ~ elevators)  No. of elevators available during emergency (4/6, 5/6)  Width of evacuation doors (> 0.8m)  Width and travel distance of stairs (1120mm ~1440 mm)  Positions, size of stairs and lobbies (diagonal for stairs)

6. 6 Statistical Method Objective: Minimize total passenger evacuation time ~ Time between the beginning of evacuation and the time when the last passenger departs ( < 30 ~ 40 minutes) Min T e, with T e = max (T stair-egress, T elevator-egress ) Evacuation time = 3 minutes pre-movement + 5 minutes to go to stairs or elevators + actual transit time (0.3 minute per floor)  Evacuation by stairs Handling Capacity (83% of the corridor handling capacity)

7. 7 Evacuation by elevators Assume elevators are loaded by passengers from one floor  Estimated by the total round trip time Corresponding to different highest reversal floor No. of trips required to empty each floor Formulas are not valid when elevators collect passengers from several floors

8. Constraints associated with building traffic flow  Space limitation  Budget consideration  Service quality requirement Normal mode Emergency mode Objective for configuring traffic system Minimize the weighted sum of average waiting time (or total service time) during normal mode and the evacuation time during emergency mode