1. LING 388: Language and Computers Sandiway Fong Lecture 26: 11/29

2. Administrivia Homework #5 –due today

3. Homework 5: Question 1 what have (specific senses) of the following nouns in common? –Umbrella –Saucepan –Baseball bat –Carpet beater but do not share with: –Giraffe –Pretzel –Homework

4. Homework 5: Question 1 compound nouns are present in wnconnect –baseball batbaseball_bat(‘_’ from Prolog representation) –carpet beatercarpet_beater

5. Homework 5: Question 1 wnconnect is designed to look for links between two concepts –homework can be done this way –but perhaps better to explore with a WordNet browser, e.g. from Princeton

6. Last Time Internet search and language –information retrieval precision –what is the proportion of hits returned that are relevant? recall –what proportion of the true relevant answers are returned? –stemming pre-processing stage: find root forms of words to expand search can increase recall (perhaps at the expense of precision) compromise: selective use of stemming from Google

7. Last Time Internet search and language –compounding stemming interacts with compounds: operating systems compound identification is important for information retrieval semantics is more difficult –can have compositional semantics: tea leaf, teabag, teabreak –can be idiomatic: bootleg, marshmallow structural ambiguity: [computer furniture] design, computer [furniture design]

8. Today’s Topic Statistical Machine Translation (SMT)

9. Beginnings c. 1950 (just after WWII) –electronic computers invented for numerical analysis code breaking Book (Collection of Papers) Readings in Machine Translation, Eds. Nirenburg, S. et al. MIT Press 2003. (Part 1: Historical Perspective) –Weaver, Reifer, Yngve, and Bar-Hillel … Killer Apps: Language comprehension tasks and Machine Translation (MT)

10. Basis in Cryptoanalysis? Success with computational methods and code-breaking [Translation. Weaver, W.] citing Shannon’s work, Weaver asks: “If we have useful methods for solving almost any cryptographic problem, may it not be that with proper interpretation we already have useful methods for translation?”

11. Statistical Basis Popular in the early days and has undergone a modern revival The Present Status of Automatic Translation of Languages (Bar-Hillel, 1951) –“I believe this overestimation is a remnant of the time, seven or eight years ago, when many people thought that the statistical theory of communication would solve many, if not all, of the problems of communication” Bar-Hillel’s criticisms include –much valuable time spent on gathering statistics –no longer a bottleneck today

12. Statistical Basis Popular in the early days and has undergone a modern revival Statistical Methods and Linguistics (Abney, 1996) –Chomsky vs. Shannon Statistics and low (zero) frequency items Colorless green ideas sleep furiously vs. furiously sleep ideas green colorless (lecture 22) Modern answer: smoothing No relation between order of approximation and grammaticality –n-th order approximation reflecting degree of grammaticality as n increases Parameter estimation problem is intractable (for humans) –statistical models involve learning or estimating very large number of parameters –“we cannot seriously propose that a child learns the values of 10 9 parameters in a childhood lasting only 10 8 seconds” –see IBM translation reference later (17 million parameters)

13. Early Misplaced Optimism (Bar-Hillel, 1951) Reifer (University of Washington) –Unbelievably optimistic claims –Compounding: –“found moreover that only three matching procedures and four matching steps are necessary to deal effectively with any of these ten types of compounds of any language in which they occur” –(compounding: problems, see lecture 25) –[i.e. we have heuristics that we think work] –“it will not be very long before the remaining linguistic problems in machine translation will be solved for a number of important languages”

14. Early Misplaced Optimism [Wiener] –“Basic English is the reverse of mechanical and throws upon such words as get a burden which is much greater than most words carry” [Weaver] –Multiple meanings on get yes –but a limited number of two word combinations get up, get over, get back –2000 words => 4 million two word combinations –not formidable to a “modern” (1947) computer get is very polysemous WordNet (Miller, 1981) lists 36 senses

15. Re-emergence of the Statistical Basis Conditions are different now –Computers 10 5 times faster –There has been a data revolution Gigabytes of storage really cheap Large, machine-readable corpora readily available for parameter estimation

16. Statistical MT Avoid the explicit construction of linguistically sophisticated models of grammar –Not the only way: e.g. Example-based MT (EBMT) Pioneered by IBM researchers (Brown et al., 1990) –Language Model Pr(S) estimated by n-grams –Translation Model Pr(T|S) estimated through alignment models

17. N-grams –we’ll talk about this more next time... idea: –collect statistics on co-occurrence of adjacent words Brown corpus (1 million words): –word wfrequency(w)probability(w) –the 69,9710.070 –rabbit 110.000011 example: –Just then, the white –expectation is p(white rabbit) > p(white the) –but p(the) > p(rabbit)

18. Statistical MT Parameter estimation by crunching large-scale corpora Hansard French/English parallel corpus –The Hansard Corpus consists of parallel texts in English and Canadian French, drawn from official records of the proceedings of the Canadian Parliament. While the content is therefore limited to legislative discourse, it spans a broad assortment of topics and the stylistic range includes spontaneous discussion and written correspondance along with legislative propositions and prepared speeches. (IBM’s experiment: 100 million words, est. 17 million parameters)

19. The State of the Art www.languageweaver.com Statistical MT System [Spinoff from USC/ISI work] “ Language Weaver ’ s SMTS system is a significant advancement in the state of the art for machine translation … and [we] are confident that Language Weaver has produced the most commercially viable Arabic translation system available today. ” Metrics: performance determined by competition –common test and training data 1980s Japanese 1970s1960s Russian W. European languages present day Arabic

20. Real Progress or Not? (2003) MT Summit IX. –Proceedings available online http://www.amtaweb.org/summit/MTSummit/ Interesting paper by J. Hutchins: Has machine translation improved? Some historical comparisons. “… overall there has been definite progress since the mid 1960s and very probably since the early 1970s. What is more uncertain is whether and where there have been improvements since the early 1980s.” – Compared modern day systems against systems from the 1960s, 1970s (e.g. SYSTRAN) and 1980s Difficult: first systems are lost to us Languages –Russian to English –French to English –German to English

21. Real Progress or Not? http://babelfish.altavista.com/

22. Real Progress or Not? [Hutchins, pp.7-8] “The impediments to the improvement of translation quality are the same now that they have been from the beginning: –failures of disambiguation –incorrect selection of target language words –problems with anaphora pronouns (it vs. she/he) definite articles (e.g. when translating from Russian and French) –inappropriate retention of source language structures e.g. verb-initial constructions (from Russian) verb-final placements (from German) non-English pre-nominal participle constructions (e.g. with interest to be read materials from both Russian and German) –problems of coordination –numerous and varied difficulties with prepositions –in general always problems with any multi-clause sentence” Roughly echoes what Bar-Hillel said about 50 years earlier

23. Statistical vs. Traditional Which ones are commercially deployed? –internet translators: traditional –new languages: statistical