1. Purdue University - RHIT Department How Technology Affects Us u Knowledge –Knowledge Explosion - Knowledge is doubling every 18 months to 2 years u Careers –Technology will play a large part in all careers and is becoming increasingly important in Hospitality u Organizations –Changing what we produce and how we produce it u Global Relations –Changing social relations, norms and values

2. Purdue University - RHIT Department The Information System Concept u The Process u Feedback: Decision u The basis of management information systems –Make decisions faster, based on more reliable information Input Processing Output

3. Purdue University - RHIT Department Basic Types of Info Technologies u Sensing Technologies –Gather and input data u Communication Technologies –Facilitate communication between people and between machines. u Analyzing Data –Computer hardware and software u Display Technologies –The interface between sensing, communicating and analyzing

4. Purdue University - RHIT Department Types Of Computer Systems u Super Computers Super Computers u Mainframe Mainframe –Room Sized Computers u Mini Computers Mini Computers –Refrigerator to Desktop u Micro Computers (PC's Laptop's etc...) Micro Computers –Desktop, Portable

5. Purdue University - RHIT Department Computer System u Hardware: Physical Equipment Hardware u Software: Set of Instructions Software

6. Purdue University - RHIT Department Communication Between Hardware Components (Binary Code)Binary Code u BIT0 1 (ON/OFF)2 0 = 1 bit u BYTE8 BITS equal a BYTE (256 different possible combinations) 2 3 = 8 bits or a byte u KBKILOBYTE equal to 1000 BYTES Referred to as "K" 2 10 = 1024 BYTES or a KB u MBMEGABYTE equal to 1000 KB or a "MEG" 2 20 = 1,048,576 BYTES = MB u GBGIGABYTE equal to 1000 MB or a "GIG" 2 30 = 1,073,741,824 BYTES = GB

7. Purdue University - RHIT Department Computer Binary Codes u ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) ASCII u EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) EBCDIC u Assigns specific meaning to each 8 bit combination –A= 01000001 –0 = 00110000 –& = 00100110

8. Purdue University - RHIT Department Basic Concepts u All Hardware components must communicate, whether or not the hardware is directly on the motherboard or added via an expansion slot. u Hardware Components –Central Processing Unit (CPU) –Motherboard –Input and Output Devices (I/O) –Storage Devices (Disks)

9. Purdue University - RHIT Department Basics Continued u Speed of Operations is important to performance –CPU speeds measured as a cycle frequency in megahertz (MHz)(MHz) –Memory speed is rated by time in (nanoseconds).nanoseconds –MHz and nanoseconds are reciprocals. At a speed of 1 MHz, one clock cycle is 1000 nanoseconds; at 8 MHz one cycle is 125 nanoseconds etc. –Hard disk access is measured in milliseconds (1/1000)

10. Purdue University - RHIT Department The BUSBUS u Def: Circuits inside the computer that transmit information from one part of the computer to another. u Buses have different widths 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit 64. u Every Bus has a clock speed measured in MHz and usually runs at a sub-multiple of the CPU clock, i.e. an 8.25 MHz bus running with a 33MHZ CPU u Initially there were two basic approaches to design –Bus Oriented Computers - the modular approach –Single Board Computers - everything on one board

11. Purdue University - RHIT Department The BUS (continued) u Evolution of the BUS from IBM PC/XT and AT BUSSpeedWidthChipYear –PC/XT4.77 MHz8 bit80881981 –AT8 MHz16 bit802861984 –ISAvaried16 bit80286/3861987ISA »Industry Standard Architecture defined to avoid problems arising from chip speed and memory exceeding 8MHz »Dual Bus system - memory and I/O separate –MCAvaried 32 bit803861987 »Micro Channel Architecture - mainframe technology in a PC »Not Backward compatible - a marketing nightmare

12. Purdue University - RHIT Department The Next BUS AGPAGP BUSSpeedWidthChipYear –EISA8.33 MHz32 bit80386/4861988EISA »Designed to counter MCA and still be compatibility with ISA »Both MCA and EISA became unpopular because the added expense did not make the PC seem any faster since the video transfer rate was slow. u Local Bus - a third bus is added for video –VESA Video Electronics Standards Association 1992VESA –PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect by Intel 1992PCI »Expanded data path to 64 bit to match Pentium chip »Not truly local has interface between chip and bus

13. Purdue University - RHIT Department CPUCPU Functions u Microprocessor Chip introduced by INTEL in 1972 u Coordinates all computer activities in conjunction with DOS u Interprets input from various devices and sends output to output devices. u Performs arithmetic calculations (+,-,/,x) u Performs logical operations (>,<,)

14. Purdue University - RHIT Department Central Processing Unit (CPU ) u IBM developed the PC around various Chips –CPUDateModelMIPS –8086/80881981IBM PC/XT0.33-0.75 –802861984AT1.2-1.66 –803861986PS/22.5-11.4 –804861989PS/213-81 –Pentium199390+ –Pentium Pro1995300 –Pentium II1997 …. Now the Pentium III @ 550MhzPentium III u Speed based on CPU, Clock Speed and Bus width

15. Purdue University - RHIT Department History of Intel History of Intel CPU continued Intel CPU’s Intel CPU’s u There are basic families of chips such as 286, 386, and 486 but there are differences in the bus width, clock speed and MIPS within these families –ChipBusSpeedMIPS –286168-16 MHz1.2-1.66 –386SX1616-33 MHz2.5-2.9 –386DX3216-33 MHz5.5-11.4 –386SL1620-25 MHz4.2-5.3 –486SX3216-33 MHz13-27 –486DX3225-50 MHz20-41 –486SL3220-33 MHz15.4-22