1. Lecture 4a: Communication and Networking CSCI102 - Introduction to Information Technology B ITCS905 - Fundamentals of Information Technology

2. Overview Network standards and standardization bodies The ISO 7-layer reference model in general and its instantiation in TCP/IP Circuit switching and packet switching Streams and datagrams

3. Overview Physical layer networking concepts Theoretical basis Transmission media Standards Data link layer concepts Framing Error control Flow control

4. Standards and Organisations- International: ITU-T: International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications Standardization Sector Telephone and data communications Formerly the CCITT ITU-R: Radiocommunications Sector Radio Frequencies Formerly the CCIR

5. Standards and Organisations- International: ISO - International Standards Organisation for all communication types IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force

6. Standards and Organisations - American ANSI: American National Standards Institute for data communications EIA: Electrical Industries Association for interfaces, connectors, facsimile, media IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers specifically for 802 LAN standards NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology the all American equivalent to the ISO (of course!!)

7. The OSI Stack Proposed by the International Standards Organisation (ISO) and other standards bodies Its a layered approach to network protocols involving encapsulation of packets at each level of the stack and the sub-layers

8. The OSI Stack Transport Data Link Physical Network Session Presentation Application 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

9. The OSI Stack 7. Network processes to applications like File, print, message, database and application services Establishes availability of resources between two nodes FTP, telnet, etc Transport Data Link Physical Network Session Presentation Application 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10. The OSI Stack 6. Data representation, coding ( EBCDIC, ASCII ), data Tx syntax, conversion, encryption, formatting and compression services Transport Data Link Physical Network Session Presentation Application 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

11. The OSI Stack 5. Interhost communication Establishes, maintains and terminates connections between applications Transport Data Link Physical Network Session Presentation Application 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

12. The OSI Stack End-to-end connections Segments and reassembles data in proper sequence Setup and teardown of “virtual circuits” (connection oriented) Can ensure segment delivery with error correction, recovery and flow control Transport Data Link Physical Network Session Presentation Application 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

13. The OSI Stack Moves information to the correct address Assembles and disassembles packets Addresses and routes data packets Determines the best path for moving data through the network Transport Data Link Physical Network Session Presentation Application 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

14. The OSI Stack It is up to the data link layer to detect and if necessary correct errors This is typically done by breaking the bit stream into distinct frames Transport Data Link Physical Network Session Presentation Application 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

15. Data Link Layer Concepts Methods of framing include Character count Start/end characters – character stuffing Start/end flags – bit stuffing Physical layer coding violations

16. Data Link Layer Concepts Error control A noise burst on the line can destroy a frame completely Identified by Acknowledgements Timeouts Individual packets can be retransmitted Flow control Throttles the sender to a rate that allows the receiver to keep up and handle all traffic

17. The OSI Stack The OSI physical layer is concerned with the transmission of bits on the network The order of bits Bit level error-checking Electrical / mechanical characteristics Transport Data Link Physical Network Session Presentation Application 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

18. Physical Layer The electrical characteristics associated with the OSI model's physical layer are Transmission rate (bits/sec) Voltage levels Line encoding Propagation delay Termination impedance

19. Network Transmission Media To be propagated (sent) from one location to another, a signal must travel along a physical path The physical path that is used to carry a signal between a signal transmitter and a signal receiver is called the "transmission medium"

20. Network Transmission Media There are two types of transmission media Guided media Unguided media

21. Network Transmission Media There 4 basic types of guided media: Open wire Twisted pair Coaxial cable Optical Fibre Unguided media RF propagation Microwave Satellite

22. The OSI Stack LayerNameEncapsulationComponent 7ApplicationDataSoftware 6Presentati on DataSoftware 5SessionDataSoftware 4TransportSegmentsRouter 3NetworkPackets, Datagrams Router 2Data LinkFramesNIC. ( LLC & MAC ) 1PhysicalBitsNIC.( Physical ) Hub, Repeater. DCE & DTE

23. OSI Instantiation in TCP/IP Another widely used reference model is the TCP/IP model

24. Principles Used to Determine Layers Level of conception Accurately defined duty Internationally standardised protocols Minimal information flow across layer boundaries Number of layers