1. 11/19/08 ESPP-781 Ethics and the Environment Three kinds of ethical issues: Three kinds of ethical issues: Which nature should we value? Which nature should we value? What is the baseline? What is the baseline? What should we do about human-nature interactions? What should we do about human-nature interactions? How (much) should we value nature? How (much) should we value nature? What is nature’s worth? What is nature’s worth? On what basis should we determine it? On what basis should we determine it? How should nature’s benefits be distributed? How should nature’s benefits be distributed? Are there environmental rights? Are there environmental rights?

2. 11/19/08 ESPP-782 “Do you like our owl?”

3. 11/19/08 ESPP-783 What’s wrong with replicants? Not “natural” Not “natural” Wrongs against nature Wrongs against nature Denies intrinsic value Denies intrinsic value Undermines dignity of natural objects Undermines dignity of natural objects Makes model errors, leading to disasters Makes model errors, leading to disasters Story of Biosphere 2 Story of Biosphere 2

4. 11/19/08 ESPP-784 Multiple Natures “First nature”: ethics of purity “First nature”: ethics of purity Nature as separate from and prior to culture Nature as separate from and prior to culture People (and other species) as interlopers, aliens People (and other species) as interlopers, aliens “End of nature” (McKibben) “End of nature” (McKibben) Second, third, and fourth natures: ethics of sustainability Second, third, and fourth natures: ethics of sustainability Agriculture and cultivation Agriculture and cultivation Commodified nature (Dasani water, Body Shop) Commodified nature (Dasani water, Body Shop) Resurgent nature, nature in the city (Cronon) Resurgent nature, nature in the city (Cronon)

5. 11/19/08 ESPP-785 Living in Nature: 4 Solutions

6. 11/19/08 ESPP-786 Can cities be “natural”? Ethics of Efficiency Modernity and the machine age Modernity and the machine age Le Corbusier: “A house is a machine to live in.” Le Corbusier: “A house is a machine to live in.” Spatial efficiency; streamlining; minimalism Spatial efficiency; streamlining; minimalism Green design Green design Energy efficiency; eco-friendly materials Energy efficiency; eco-friendly materials Design for people Design for people “Political efficiency”? “Political efficiency”? Democratization: needs of the majority (e.g., people without cars in developing countries) Democratization: needs of the majority (e.g., people without cars in developing countries) Public spaces and services: parks; transportation systems Public spaces and services: parks; transportation systems

7. 11/19/08 ESPP-787 The Jane Jacobs City

8. 11/19/08 ESPP-788 Berlin From the Ashes: Sony Center

9. 11/19/08 ESPP-789 Policy options for “invasive” species Should invasive species be treated as “natural”? Should invasive species be treated as “natural”? Three management options: Three management options: Let species be, invasive or not (always) Let species be, invasive or not (always) Get them out (never) Get them out (never) Manage them with criteria (sometimes) Manage them with criteria (sometimes) What criteria should we use to choose among options? What criteria should we use to choose among options?