1. Patinage Artistique En France By: Audra

2. Disciplines Single skating · Pair skating · Ice Dancing · Synchronized Skating Competition programs Compulsory Figures· Short Program · Free Skating · Compulsory Dances · Original Dance · Free Dance Required elements Death Spiral · Jumps · Lifts · Moves in the Field · Spins · Spirals · Step Sequence · Twist Lifts Jumps Toe loop Jump · Salchow jump · Flip Jump · Loop Jump · Lutz Jump · Axel Jump Spins Upright Spin (Layback spin · Biellmann spin) · Sit spin · Camel spin Moves in the field 3 turn· Bracket turn · Choctaw turn · Counter turn · crossover· Mohawk turn · Rocker turn · twizzle Connecting elements Besti Squat · Cartilever· Hydroblading · Ina Bauer · Spread eagle · Split jumps · walley jump

3. French-English words for jumps Le saut de valse = Waltz jump L'Axel = Axel (created by Norwegian, Axel Paulsen ) Le boucle =loop Le Salchow = Salchow (by Swedish, Ulrich Salchow ) Le Lutz = lutz Le flip =flip Le boucle piqué = toe loop

6. Figure skating is a branch of ice skating that has become a sport The exact time when humans learned it is not known. Archaeologists believe it was widespread and it was efficient to use animal bones on the bottom of shoes to cross large, icy areas. History of ice skating

7. 13 th, 14 th and 15 th century the Dutch Added edges to ice skates The first Portrayal of ice skating as a work of art was made

9. Social class history In the Netherlands, ice skating was considered proper for all classes of people to participate in. The Holy Roman Empire (Emperor Rudolf II) enjoyed ice skating very much. He had a large ice carnival constructed in his court in 1610 in order to popularize the sport. King Louis XVI of France brought ice skating to Paris during his reign.

10. In 1742 The first ice skating association was formed in Edinburgh, Scotland The first instructional book concerning ice skating was published in London in 1772 by British artillery lieutenant, Robert Jones. The book was written solely for men, as women did not normally ice skate in the late 18th century. (Women didn’t even enter Individual competition until 1906)

11. Jackson Haines An American The founder of modern figure skating as it is known today.

12. After World War II Because of the years of war, Europe, fell behind the United States in terms of figure skating dominance

13. Figure skating in France 1892 The governing body of figure skating in France is the Federation Française des Sports de Glace, who are members of the ISU. French Figure Skating Championships: A figure skating national championship held annually to determine the national champions of France.

14. 2002 les Jeux olympiques figure skating scandal The first Olympics to feature figure skating were held in 1908 in London 1924 Olympics were the first winter Olympic games in Chamonix, France. They were actually called “The International Winter Sports Week” the 2002 les Jeux olympiques held in Salt Lake City, the Pairs skating competition was the source of much controversy and one of the immediate causes for the revamp of scoring in figure skating.

15. There was immediate suspicion of cheating. Judges from Russia, the People’s Republic of China, Poland, Ukraine, and France had placed the Russians first; judges from the United States, Canada, Germany, and Japan chose the Canadians. Suspicion fell almost immediately on the French judge, Marie- Reine Le Gougne.

16. When Le Gougne returned to the officials' hotel, she was immediately confronted by Sally Stapleford, chair of the International Skating Union’s Technical Committee. Le Gougne broke down and said that she had been pressured by the head of the French skating organization, Didier Gailhaguet, to vote for the Russian pair regardless of how the others performed. However, in a signed statement, Le Gougne denied taking part in such a deal and also stated that she had truly believed the Russian pair deserved to win.

17. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQww4Lz ujqE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQww4Lz ujqE

18. Comparing Scores RUSSIAN PAIR (1) | CANADIAN PAIR (2) | Judge Tech. Pres. Tot. | Tech. Pres. Tot. Russia 5.8 5.9 11.7 5.8 5.8 11.6 China 5.8 5.9 11.7 5.9 5.8 11.7 USA 5.7 5.9 11.6 5.8 5.9 11.7 France 5.8 5.9 11.7 5.8 5.8 11.6 Poland 5.7 5.9 11.6 5.8 5.8 11.6 Canada 5.7 5.8 11.5 5.9 5.9 11.8 Ukraine 5.8 5.9 11.7 5.8 5.8 11.6 Germany 5.8 5.8 11.6 5.9 5.9 11.8 Japan 5.7 5.9 11.6 5.8 5.9 11.7 | (Sum) 51.8 52.9 104.7 52.5 52.6 105.1

19. On February 15, 2002 Cinquanta and IOC President Jacques Rogge, in a joint press conference, announced that Salé and Pelletier's silver medal would be upgraded to a gold. Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze were allowed to keep their gold medals. Le Gougne was suspended immediately for “misconduct."

20. Surya Bonaly born in 1973 in Nice, France Began in 1983 as a amateur figure skater. European championship winner 1991-1994 In 1998 Olympics in Nagano, Japan, she decided to end her amateur career with a symbolic gesture. She had fallen previously in the program and felt she had lost.

21. Back flip on one foot http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpp- o4bAisohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpp- o4bAiso

22. Bonaly resides in Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. and became an American citizen in June 2004. She toured with the Champions on Ice skating show for several years until they went out of business after the 2007 season.

23. Skating Rink in Eiffel Tower

24. a 200 square metre ice rink suspended 57m (190ft) beneath the Eiffel Tower. http://www.tour- eiffel.fr/teiffel/uk/ludique/video/page/patinoire.html

27. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vvar69tPn Mo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vvar69tPn Mo

28. Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Olympic_Winter_Games_figure_skating_scandal http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-50894517.html http://www.youtube.com/results?search_type=&search_query=surya+bonaly+backflip&aq=f http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_figure_skating http://www.answers.com/topic/surya-bonaly http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patinage_artistique http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_figure_skating http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/dec/11/france.jonhenley http://www.ehow.com/how-to_4845405_1_learn-basics-figure-skating.html Google images http://everything2.com/node/1254282 http://www.infoplease.com/ipsa/A0300756.html