1. Integrated green technologies for MSW
Some technical and strategic solutions for a green- environmental-friendly waste management in SA
Prof. Dr. Mamdouh Abdel-Sabour
Head of Environmental consultancy
(IIESC)

2. Solid waste management problems
SA is facing a great challenges for waste management due to the fast demographic and industrial growth, which left the country with accumulative amount of generated waste that needs to be managed in the most cost-effective, sustainable and green.
Traditional MSW management became more expensive and less convenient.
“Today, SA accounts for 4.5 hector of ecological footprint per person, or roughly twice the world average,” (Al Fadl 2010).

3. Solid waste management problems
2. The conventional waste handling method:
Causes people inconvenience of handling waste,
Unpleasant odor,
Harmful pests and diseases,
Disagreeable from the surroundings
Negative environmental impacts
Potential worries
Dust and Odor emmission
Litter
Noise
Visual Impacts
3. MSW management Strategy should emphases largely on sustainable life cycle development.
The objective is :
To reduce generated waste,
Improve its management,
Increase recycling,
Achieve energy recovery and
Reduce landfilling (Zero landfill approach).

4. The crucial need to improve MSW collection systems
Most of the generated MSW are disposed in landfill
Wasting a recyclables resources,
losses of its energy content,
Increasing adverse impact on the environment
Ground water pollution and
Gaseous emissions which cause the global warming problem.
High cost for the municipalities/Inefficient consequence
RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE MANAGEMENT
Processing / Treatment should be :
Technically sound
Financially viable
Environmental friendly
Easy to operate & maintain by local community
Long term sustainability

6. 1) Transfer Station
Transfer station should meets one of the following criteria:
Municipality with population < 50,000 or Locality with population < 85,000
Facility that transfer < 125 tons per day
It helps to reduce collection costs. Costs should be less than transportation to landfill directly
Collection vehicles spend less time driving to/from disposal site and more time on route
The primary reason for using a transfer station is to reduce the cost of transporting waste to disposal facilities.
Transfer station become feasible when the travel distance to the landfill is miles or more (one way).
It Can provide processing point for recyclables or other materials

7. Transfer station could be categorized as:

8. New green design Vertical waste transfer station
The silos are made of durable material and are able to withstand heavy compacting force, also due to their round shape. The silos are equipped with a leachate drainage system.
Factors affecting the design of the transfer station site include:
Waste stream demands
Material types accepted
Customer types
Traffic flow within the transfer station

9. Direct haul to landfill vs. long haul via transfer station
Cost Savings:
A report about Vertical operating Waste Transfer Station compared to direct transfer by Collection Trucks ( 500 ton/day-Transfer Station located 35km from collection points

11. 2) MSW characterization. Component of generated MSW

12. Hazardous waste & medical waste in SA
Mixed waste is very difficult to manage and process.
The private sector of widely varying sizes and capabilities can supplement the knowledge and capacity of the local authority to implement advanced recycling, recovery, and disposal technologies.

13. 3) Under ground vacuum MSW collection system
Urban cities continue to expand to areas with difficult accessibility, posing a challenge for efficient waste collection.
For new town and commercial area

18. Benefit of Recycling

20. Sorting plant (MRF)

21. MRF and Waste to energy

22. Thermal treatment Types
What is the waste advanced thermal technologies?
Thermal treatment Types
Incineration (complete oxidation)
Mass Burn
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Plasma arc (advanced thermal conversion)

24. A Waste-to-Energy Incinerator with Pollution Controls
One tonne of waste creates 3.5 MW of energy during incineration (eq. to 300 kg of fuel oil) powers 70 homes

25. Air Pollution Control Remove certain waste components
Good Combustion Practices
Emission Control Devices
Electrostatic Precipitator
Bag-houses
Acid Gas Scrubbers
Wet scrubber
Dry scrubber
Chemicals added in slurry to neutralize acids
Activated Carbon
Selective Non-catalytic Reduction

26. Schematic Presentation of Bottom Ash Treatment
Ash Reuse Options
Construction fill
Road construction
Landfill daily cover
Cement block production
Treatment of acid mine drainage
Bottom Ash – recovered from combustion chamber
Heat Recovery Ash – collected in the heat recovery system (boiler, economizer, superheater)
Fly Ash – Particulate matter removed prior to sorbents
Air Pollution Control Residues – usually combined with fly ash

27. Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis has proved capabilities to transform biomass and waste material of low-energy density into bio-oil of high-energy density and recover higher value chemicals.
Thermal degradation of carbonaceous materials
Lower temperature than gasification (750 – 1500oF)
Absence or limited oxygen
Products are oils and gas, solid char
Pyrolysis oil used for (after post-treatment):
liquid fuels,
chemicals,
adhesives, and other products.
Paper cups used as coffee or cold drinks cups are accumulating as wastes on the earth surface at a rapid rate.
Considering only America, 14.4 million disposable paper cups are used for drinking coffee each year. Placed end-to end, these cups would wrap around Earth 55 times and weigh around 900 million pounds.

28. Pyrolysis for Ethanol Example: Ethanol plant
Construction on Fulcrum Bio-energy municipal solid waste to ethanol plant, Sierra Bio-Fuels, started in Located in the Tahoe-Reno Industrial Center, in the City of McCarran, Storey County, Nevada, the plant convert 90,000 tons of MSW into 10.5 million gallons of ethanol per year.
Construction on Fulcrum Bio-energy municipal solid waste to ethanol plant, Sierra Bio-Fuels, started in Located in the Tahoe-Reno Industrial Center, in the City of McCarran, Storey County, Nevada, the plant convert 90,000 tons of MSW into 10.5 million gallons of ethanol per year.

29. No ashes, slag or filter dusts
Gasification and Pyrolysis
Recovers a synthesis gas, utilizable glass-like minerals, metals rich in iron and sulfur from municipal solid waste, commercial waste, industrial waste and hazardous waste
High temperature gasification of the organic waste constituents and direct fusion of the inorganic components.
Water, salt and zinc concentrate are produced as usable raw materials during the process water treatment.
No ashes, slag or filter dusts
100,000 tpd plant in Japan operating since 1999 (

30. Gasification

31. Advanced Thermal Gasification System
Utilizes Thermal Energy developed by Plasma Torches at Temperatures ≤5,500 Degrees Celsius. All Organic Material is Gasified to form a Synthetic Gas (“Syngas”).
Multiple Feedstock

32. Advanced Thermal Gasification System
All Inorganic Materials is Vitrified into Inert “High Grade Aggregate Slag”
Calorific Energy and Sensible Heat from the Syngas is Recovered and transformed into Electrical Energy

33. Flexibility of Gasification

34. Landfill closing and Energy generation

36. Landfill closing and Energy generation
The main component of landfill gas are methane and carbon dioxide. Both components contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and are chiefly responsible for global temperature rise.
Municipal solid waste management and wastewater contribute about 3% to current global greenhouse gas emissions, about half of which is methane from landfills. One forecast suggests that without mitigation, this could double by 2020 and quadruple by 2050.
Mitigation needs to be a mix of the ‘technical fix’ approach, such as landfill gas collection and utilization, and upstream measures, particularly reduction, reuse, recycling and composting

37. Vertical gas collection wells Horizontal gas collection systems
Gas collection header lines
Blower
Condensate collection system
Gas treatment system
Gas collection system

38. Power Generation

39. Conclusions
Landfill should be used as the final destination of the refuse that cannot be further recycled or recovered in any other way.
Combustion remains predominant thermal technology for MSW conversion with realized improvements in emissions
Gasification and Pyrolysis systems now in commercial scale operation but industry still emerging
Advanced Thermal Gasification System is Clean Development Mechanism under Kyoto Protocol.
Comprehensive environmental or life cycle assessments should be completed.
Private sector companies should be encouraged and supported for investment in these green technology

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