1. Peacekeeping and Intervention

2. What Happened in Darfur?  Failed state  Poverty  Natural resources crises  Security dilemma among ethnic groups  Small group of extremists –Arab Janjaweed militia  Leadership and manipulation of ethnic symbols, myths and divisions  Some 70,000 dead, 2.3mn displaced  African Union peacekeeping troops

3. Peacekeeping  Insertion of independent international forces between warring parties, with the consent of both sides to the conflict  Strategy coined in 1956 by Dag Hammarskjold and Lester Pearson  Principles: –Consent by warring parties –Neutrality of troops –Use of force only in self-defense

4. Case: the Suez Canal Crisis (1956)  Egypt’s Gamal Nasser privatizes Suez  Egypt sponsors guerilla attacks against Israel  Israel invades Sinai, claims self-defense  Pressure from US to end the conflict  Parties agree to cease fire, Hammarskold and Pearson devise a peacekeeping plan and send UN troops

5. Conditions for Successful Peacekeeping  Parties want to disengage –Stalemate –Costly war of attrition –Majority wants to avoid war  Interest by great powers to limit conflict –Interest to contain conflict –Coercive cooperation –Consensus in Security Council

6. UN Peacekeeping

7. Other Peacekeeping Forces  NATO  African Union  EU forces

8. Case: Peacekeeping in former Yugoslavia  The Srebrenica massacre  Dayton Agreement between Croatia, Yugoslavia, and Bosnia and Hertzegovina (1995)  UN peacekeeping force monitors ceasefire  NATO-led multinational Implementation Force (IFOR) took over in December 1995  NATO force replaced by The European Union Police Mission in 2002

9. Intervention  Military intervention –interference with force in the internal affairs of another state  Limited military action  Blockade  Support opposition  Military advisers  Economic assistance  Broadcasts and speeches

10. Is Humanitarian Intervention Justified?  Yes: –Morally required –Stop genocide and crimes against humanity –When humanitarian crises threaten peace –Customary right to humanitarian intervention  No: –Contradicts sovereignty –States should tender to their own security first and foremost –Strategic rather humanitarian motives prevail –Applied arbitrary –Slippery slope to aggression

11. Conditions for Intervention  UN Charter: sovereignty and non-intervention  Authorized by UN resolution –Collective security: Iraq 1990 –Operation Provide Comfort in Northern Iraq (1991)  NATO lead missions, followed by UN missions -Collective security: Afghanistan (2001) -Kosovo (1999)

12. Case: Kosovo Intervention  Guerrilla war intensifies 1998  Tens of thousands killed, hundreds of thousands displaced  Russia and China block UN decision on intervention  NATO air strikes 1999

13. Rwanda: To Intervene or Not to Intervene?

14. Risks of Intervention  Casualties for international forces  Lack of domestic support  Intractable missions: Somalia  Suspicion of imperialism  Difficult to force peaceful co-existence