1. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI1 Pushdown Automata PDAs

2. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI2 Pushdown Automaton -- PDA Input String Stack States

3. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI3 Initial Stack Symbol Stack bottom special symbol stack head top

4. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI4 The States Input symbol Pop symbol Push symbol Alternatively

5. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI5 top input stack Replace

6. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI6 Push top input stack

7. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI7 Pop top input stack

8. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI8 No Change top input stack

9. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI9 Pop top input stack A Possible Transition empty

10. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI10 input A Bad Transition The automaton Halts in state and Rejects the input string Empty stack HALT

11. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI11 input A Bad Transition The automaton Halts in state and Rejects the input string Empty stack HALT

12. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI12 No transition is allowed to be followed When the stack is empty Empty stack

13. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI13 Pop top input stack A Good Transition

14. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI14 Non-Determinism These are allowed transitions in a Non-deterministic PDA (NPDA)

15. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI15 NPDA: Non-Deterministic PDA Example:

16. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI16 Execution Example: Input current state Time 0 Stack

17. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI17 Input Time 1 Stack

18. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI18 Input Stack Time 2

19. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI19 Input Stack Time 3

20. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI20 Input Stack Time 4

21. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI21 Input Stack Time 5

22. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI22 Input Stack Time 6

23. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI23 Input Stack Time 7

24. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI24 Input Time 8 accept Stack

25. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI25 A string is accepted if there is a computation such that: All the input is consumed AND The last state is a final state At the end of the computation, we do not care about the stack contents

26. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI26 The input string is accepted by the NPDA:

27. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI27 is the language accepted by the NPDA: In general,

28. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI28 Another NPDA example NPDA

29. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI29 Execution Example: Input Time 0 Stack

30. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI30 Input Time 1 Stack

31. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI31 Input Time 2 Stack

32. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI32 Input Time 3 Stack Guess the middle of string

33. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI33 Input Time 4 Stack

34. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI34 Input Time 5 Stack

35. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI35 Input Time 6 Stack accept

36. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI36 Rejection Example: Input Time 0 Stack

37. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI37 Input Time 1 Stack

38. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI38 Input Time 2 Stack

39. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI39 Input Time 3 Stack Guess the middle of string

40. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI40 Input Time 4 Stack

41. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI41 Input Time 5 Stack There is no possible transition. Input is not consumed

42. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI42 Another computation on same string: Input Time 0 Stack

43. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI43 Input Time 1 Stack

44. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI44 Input Time 2 Stack

45. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI45 Input Time 3 Stack

46. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI46 Input Time 4 Stack

47. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI47 Input Time 5 Stack No final state is reached

48. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI48 There is no computation that accepts string

49. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI49 A string is rejected if there is no computation such that: All the input is consumed AND The last state is a final state At the end of the computation, we do not care about the stack contents

50. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI50 In other words, a string is rejected if in every computation with this string: The input cannot be consumed OR The input is consumed and the last state is not a final state OR The stack head moves below the bottom of the stack

51. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI51 Another NPDA example NPDA

52. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI52 Execution Example: Input Time 0 Stack

53. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI53 Input Time 1 Stack

54. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI54 Input Time 2 Stack

55. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI55 Input Time 3 Stack accept

56. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI56 Rejection example: Input Time 0 Stack

57. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI57 Input Time 1 Stack

58. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI58 Input Time 2 Stack

59. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI59 Input Time 3 Stack

60. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI60 Input Time 4 Stack Halt and Reject

61. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI61 Pushing Strings Input symbol Pop symbol Push string

62. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI62 top input stack Push pushed string Example:

63. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI63 Another NPDA example NPDA

64. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI64 Time 0 Input current state Stack Execution Example:

65. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI65 Time 1 Input Stack

66. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI66 Time 3 Input Stack

67. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI67 Time 4 Input Stack

68. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI68 Time 5 Input Stack

69. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI69 Time 6 Input Stack

70. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI70 Time 7 Input Stack

71. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI71 Time 8 Input Stack accept

72. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI72 Formalities for NPDAs

73. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI73 Transition function:

74. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI74 Transition function:

75. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI75 Formal Definition Non-Deterministic Pushdown Automaton NPDA States Input alphabet Stack alphabet Transition function Final states Stack start symbol Initial state

76. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI76 Instantaneous Description Current state Remaining input Current stack contents

77. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI77 Input Stack Time 4: Example:Instantaneous Description

78. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI78 Input Stack Time 5: Example:Instantaneous Description

79. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI79 We write: Time 4 Time 5

80. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI80 A computation:

81. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI81 For convenience we write:

82. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI82 Formal Definition Language of NPDA : Initial state Final state

83. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI83 Example: NPDA :

84. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI84 NPDA :

85. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI85 NPDA : Therefore: