1. Mountain Meteorology Meteorology 5550 490 INSCC TH 10:45 – 12:05 John Horel Jim Steenburgh Photo: J. Horel Mountains complement desert as desert complements city, as wilderness complements and completes civilization. Edward Abbey

2. Course Objectives and Content  Understand the influence of the earth’s orography upon weather and climate  First Half- John Horel  Geographical controls of mountain weather and climate  Terrain-forced flows  Flow interaction with complex terrain Photo: J. Horel

3. Course Content (cont.)  Second half- Jim Steenburgh  Orographically modified cyclones  Orographically trapped disturbances  Orographic precipitation  Invited presentations  Fire weather  Air quality  Avalanches  Surface transportation Houze 1993

4. Grading  40%: Homework, class participation, literature reviews  20%: Participation and writeup of results from field experiment  20%: 1 st half quiz  20% 2 nd half quiz

5. Source Material  Mountain Meteorology. D. Whiteman. 2000.  Mountain Weather and Climate. R Barry. 1992.  Atmospheric Processes over Complex Terrain. W. Blumen 1990.  Influence of Mountains on the Atmosphere. R. Smith. 1979. Advances in Geophysics. 21.  Additional Reading

6. Reading Assignments  Many available on-line. To save trees, you are to access them on-line from campus and print them as needed  http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=inde x-html http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=inde x-html

7. First Reading Assignment  First reading assignment: Barry, R. G. (1978): H. B. de Saussure: the first mountain meteorologist. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 59, 702-5.  Summarize in a few paragraphs: (1) who Saussure was; (2) how did he make the measurements and what were his results regarding the decrease of temperature with height; (3) what other contributions to mountain meteorology did he make?  Due: via email at beginning of class on Aug. 30. Send to jhorel@met.utah.edu, Be prepared to discuss the reading during that class. jhorel@met.utah.edu

8. Field Project  Analysis of wind circulations on ski- jump slope  Weather permitting  Set up on Friday September 28  Observations Saturday morning September 29  Takedown in afternoon  Requires planning in advance by class to design useful field project  Requires analysis of data after data collection completed Photo: J. Horel

9. VTMX Workshop  September 10-12  Useful presentations on local wind circulations in Salt Lake Valley  Plan on attending a few hours at some point instead of class on the 11 th (and 13 th ?)

10. What is a mountain?  Common usage:  600 m or more of local relief defines a mountain  Less than 600m is a hill  High mountain/alpine areas (Troll 1973; Arct. Alp. Res., 5, 19-27):  Relative to terrain features  Upper timberline  Snow line Himalayas: Photo credit: NASA/Science Photo Library

11. What are the effects of mountains?  Substantial modification of synoptic or meso scale weather systems by dynamical and thermodynamical processes through a considerable depth of the atmosphere  Recurrent generation of distinctive wx conditions, involving dynamically and thermally induced wind systems, cloudiness, and precipitation regimes  Slope and aspect variations on scales of 10-100 m form mosaic of local climates (Barry 1992)

12. Effects of Mountains Carruthers and Hunt 1990

13. Whiteman (2000) http://infoplease.lycos.co m/ipa/A0001792.html

14. Precipitation

15. Barry 1992

16. Barry (1992)

17. Mountains  % mountains as fraction of total land surface (land 30%)  0-1000 m 10%  1000-2000 m 3%  2000-3000 m 3%  > 3000 m 4%  Total 20% Barry 1992  %mountain as fraction of earth 6%

18. Mt. Everest  http://www.mteverest.com/ http://www.mteverest.com/  http://www.mnteverest.net/ http://www.mnteverest.net/  http://www.m.chiba-u.ac.jp/class/respir/eve_e.htm http://www.m.chiba-u.ac.jp/class/respir/eve_e.htm  http://www.newton.mec.edu/Angier/DimSum/Him.Range Pix.html http://www.newton.mec.edu/Angier/DimSum/Him.Range Pix.html  Height of Mt. Everest: 8848m (http://www.m.chiba-u.ac.jp/class/respir/hyoko_e.htm)http://www.m.chiba-u.ac.jp/class/respir/hyoko_e.htm

19. High Elevation Observatories  Mt Washington  http://www.mountwashington.org/ http://www.mountwashington.org/  Storm Peak Laboratory  http://www.dri.edu/Projects/SPL/ http://www.dri.edu/Projects/SPL/

20. Geographical controls of mountain climate (Barry 1992)  Latitude  Continentality  Altitude  Topography Jeff Klein. SLC BLM)

21. Thermally forced terrain circulations  Mountain-valley winds  Slope flows  Peter Sinks Experiment  VTMX  lake breeze

22. Flow Interaction With Complex Terrain Photo: J. Horel  Buoyancy oscillations  Flow over vs. around obstacles  Kinetic and potential energy of flows  Mountain waves  Gravity wave drag  Trapped lee waves

23. Downslope Windstorms  Conceptual models  Observations  Numerical studies  Gap winds L. Darby & R. Banta, ATDD/ETL

24. Other subjects  Orography and the General Circulation  Mountain torque  Physiology of high altitude  Climate change at high altitude

25. 1 st Homework Assignment  Bring in a couple (to as many as you want) of mountain and mountain weather related photos  Be prepared to say a few words about 1-2 photos  If you’re willing to allow use of the photos for this class and future classes, scan the images on the PC in Rm 480 (details to be provided, but don’t leave them with me)  Due: whenever

26. Homework Assignment #2  (1) Find 5 interesting and useful internet web pages related to mountain weather, mountain climates, or alpine environments  (2) Send me in 1 email the web addresses with a 1-2 sentence description of the content of each page  (3) Provide at least 2 scientific, literary, or artistic (music/art) definitions or descriptions of mountains. Not from dictionaries  (4) Provide a reference/source for that definition and send it in the same email as that used above  Due August 30

27. Parameters used to define flow (Smith 1979) ParameterSymbolUnitsTypical Value Mountain heighthkm1 Width downstreamLxLx km10 Width crossstreamLyLy km100 Flow layer depthHkm1 PBL; 10 troposphere Incoming windspeedum/s10 Incoming wind shearuzuz s -1 10 -3 Stability frequencyNs -1 10 -2 Coriolis parameterfs -1 10 -4 Buoyancy/reduced gravity b =  g  m/s 2 10 -1