1. Immune System

2. 31.1 Infectious Diseases: Pathogen: an organism that causes a virus or disease to another organism Infectious Disease: a disease caused by a pathogen List Methods of Transmission: –Physical Contact –Sexual Contact –Contaminated Food or Water –Animal interaction

3. 31.1 Infectious Diseases: The Germ Theory of Disease is the theory that infectious diseases are caused by pathogens that spread the disease from one organism to another organism.

4. 31.2 Human Defenses The skin acts as physical barriers Mucous membrane Cilia sweep away materials that are inhaled Stomach acid which destroys microorganisms that are ingested White blood cells witch destroy invader that enter the blood Interferon's produced by cells that have been infected with a virus an carry a signal to adjacent cells thereby protecting them from the infecting virus

5. 31.3 Immune System ImmunityImmunity: you’re body is resistant to the pathogens that causes a specific disease AntigenAntigen: a large molecule, usually a protein, that provokes an immune response AntibodiesAntibodies: protein found on the surface of certain white blood cells or in blood plasma that attaches particular antigens B cellsB cells: lymphocyte that matures in bone marrow and produces antibodies; responsible for humoral immunity T cellsT cells: lymphocyte that matures in the thymus; is responsible for cell- mediated immunity and also plays a role in humoral immunity Plasma cellPlasma cell: provides and secrets antibodies specific to the antigen that activated the original B cell Humoral immunity: immunity that originates from B cells Cell-mediated immunityCell-mediated immunity: type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells Cytotoxic T cellsCytotoxic T cells: clones of the T cells which attack cells infected with the pathogen that triggered the response Helper T CellsHelper T Cells: both humoral and cell-mediated immunity get a boost from a type of lymphocyte Memory cellsMemory cells: long lasting lymphocyte

6. Summary of the way the Immune System recognizes “Invaders” Antigens provoke immune response Lymphocytes –B Cells –T Cells –Memory Cells

7. 31.4 Vaccines Vocabulary: Vaccine- a dose of a pathogen or part of a pathogen that has been disabled or destroyed so its no longer harmful Active immunity- when the body produces antibodies against an antigen; results from the exposure of antigen from infection or disease Passive immunity- resistance to a particular pathogen that results when the body acquires antibodies for it Vaccines: Vaccines are used when pathogens can cause serious illness or death At this point natural immunity isn’t much help Vaccines can help stimulate the immune response and the formation of memory cells Some vaccines are made for the antigen of the pathogen Others are made from grinding up or heating the pathogen so it can’t function any more Vaccines have been proven to be effective in reducing the occurrence of many diseases.

8. 31.5 Allergies/Autoimmune disease Allergies-An abnormal over-sensitivity to a non-harmful antigen –EX: pollen, dust Autoimmune disease-immune system turn on and killing some of body’s on cells –caused by body producing the wrong immune response

9. HIV/AIDS AIDS caused by HIV Pandemic Reduces the effect of the immune system Transmitted through body fluid Tumors/opportunistic infections

10. Current event on the Swine Flu The swine flu is a strain of Influenza A. It has the same symptoms and is passed and prevented (hand washing) the same way as the regular flu. It is dangerous because there is currently no vaccine for it. Like the last flu epidemic it spread quickly and because there was no vaccines, there were many deaths.

12. 10 Study ?s 1.What is a Mast Call? And how does it help the immune system? 2.What is the main army for the Immune system? 3.What does interferon do? 4.What is cell mediated immunity? 5.What kind of white blood cell can turn into a memory cell? 6.Between the host and the pathogen, which one has antibodies, and which one has antigens? What is the difference? 7.What exactly is a vaccine? Is it considered passive immunity or active immunity? 8.Pathogens include the following, and only the following; Bacteria, Virus, Fungus, and Protozoan. True/false 9.How can deseases be contracted? 10. Allergies are what exactly?

13. Answers 1. Release histamines 2. White blood cell 3. Stunts the multiplication of viruses 4. The T cells 5. Both b and T 6.The pathogen has antigens witch act as signals to the host’s immune system. The antibodies cover the virus so it doesn’t multiply. 7. A vaccine is an injection of a virus (‘dead’, ‘alive’, or ‘fixed’) in order to create an immunity to that virus. It can be either. 8. False. Bacteria, virus, protozoan, fungus and worms. 9. Through air, liquid, or food. And also by direct touch 10. The bodies over reaction to a harmless antigen.