1. Chapter 25: Challenges and Extensions Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents – Munindar P. Singh and Michael N. Huhns, Wiley, 2005

2. Chapter 252Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Highlights of this Chapter Trust Ethics Coherence Benevolence Managing Privacy Key Challenges and Recommendations

3. Chapter 253Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Systemic Trust Fundamentally, the information that agents Retrieve must be accurate, or characterized accurately Contribute must be used appropriately Requires that Sources have reliability and reputation, and specify constraints on usage Dependencies are preserved and maintained Results: information items have credibility and domains of utility; agents self-organize into service communities

4. Chapter 254Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Trust Ultimately, what we would like is to trust Web services. Trust involves services that Are understood in context Have the right capabilities and understanding of needs Respect legal contracts where specified Be helpful: support one’s organization or society Obey an understood ethics Failing all else, behave rationally

5. Chapter 255Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Ethical Abstractions Agents that are members of a society must have an ethics and a philosophy. This requires the development of components for Deontological ethics Teleological ethics Consequentialism Duties Obligations Applying ethics

6. Chapter 256Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Motivation The ethical abstractions help us specify agents who would act appropriately Intuitively, ethics is just the basic way of distinguishing right from wrong It is difficult to separate ethics entirely from legal, social, or even economic considerations

7. Chapter 257Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Right and Good Right: that which is right in itself Good: that which is good or valuable for someone or for some end

8. Chapter 258Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Deontological vs. Teleological Deontological theories Right before good Being good does not mean being right Ends do not justify means Teleological theories Good before right Something is right only if it maximizes the good Ends justify means

9. Chapter 259Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Deontological Theories Constraints Negatively formulated Narrowly framed E.g., lying is not not-telling-the-truth Narrowly directed at the agent’s specific action Not its occurrence by other means Not the consequences that are not explicitly chosen, i.e., only applies on consequences that are explicitly identified

10. Chapter 2510Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Double Effect Deontological theories distinguish intentional effects from foreseen consequences An action is not wrong unless the agent explicitly intends for it to do wrong Legitimizes inaction even when inaction has predictable (but unintended) effects Shut down bank ATM for diagnostics even if that might leave someone without cash

11. Chapter 2511Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Kant’s Categorical Imperative Whatever maxim an agent uses must be universalizable, i.e., in the society of agents Respect for others (no lying or coercion) so they can consent False promising is unacceptable, because if all did, their society would not function Agents’ maxims are uncertainly inferred from their actions

12. Chapter 2512Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Teleological Theories Based on how actions satisfy various goals, not their intrinsic rightness Comparison-based Preference-based

13. Chapter 2513Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Consequentialism An agent should promote whatever values it adopts Actions are instrumental in the promotion Honor the values only if doing so promotes them

14. Chapter 2514Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Utilitarianism This is the view that a moral action is one that is useful Must be good for someone Good may be interpreted as Pleasure: hedonism Preference satisfaction: microeconomic rationalism (assumes each agent knows its preferences) Interest satisfaction: welfare utilitarianism Aesthetic ideals: ideal utilitarianism

15. Chapter 2515Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Prima Facie Duties What agents need to decide actions are Not just universal principles (each can be stretched) Not just consequences But also a regard for their promises and duties Agents have prima facie duties to help others, keep promises, repay kindness,... No ranking among these Highly defeasible conclusions, e.g., steal to feed kids

16. Chapter 2516Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Obligations In deontological theories, those that are impermissible to omit In teleological theories, those that most promote good In contract-based theories, those that an agent accepts

17. Chapter 2517Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Asimov’s Laws of Robotics 0. A robot may not injure humanity or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm. [Added after the following more famous laws] 1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

18. Chapter 2518Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Applying Ethics: 1 The ethical theories are theories Of justification Not of deliberation An agent can decide what basic “value system” to use under any approach

19. Chapter 2519Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Applying Ethics: 2 The deontological theories Are narrower Ignore practical consideration But are only meant as incomplete constraints (out of all the right actions, the agent can choose any) The teleological theories Are broader Include practical considerations But leave fewer options for the agent, who must always choose the best available alternative

20. Chapter 2520Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Applying Ethics: 3 The ethical approaches Are single-agent in orientation Implicitly encode other agents An explicitly multiagent ethics would be an interesting topic for study

21. Chapter 2521Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns An Agent Should Act Benevolently Seeking the welfare of others Rationally, to maximize its utility Consistent with its model of itself, including its desires and capabilities Predictably consistent with its model of other agents’ beliefs about itself

22. Chapter 2522Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Benevolence: “A Mattress in the Road” Who will stop to pick it up?

23. Chapter 2523Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Information System Example: A Collective Store Benevolent agents might contribute information they have retrieved, filtered, and refined to a collective store Utilitarian variant: Access to the collective store might be predicated on contributions to it Collective Store World Wide Web... Query Agents

24. Chapter 2524Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns SOC Challenges and Recommendations Respect autonomy and heterogeneity Design rules for various levels: ontologies, transactions, protocols, organizations, … Security and trust: a consequence of openness Scalability Quality of service understood to include application specifics User-centered requirements analysis and design to capture key functionality in a manner that works in multiple settings

25. Chapter 2525Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns To Probe Further IEEE Internet Computing, http://computer.org/internet DAI-List-Request@engr.sc.edu (International Joint Conference and Journal) Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems Journal of Web Semantics Intl. Semantic Web Conference (ISWC) Intl. Conf. on Service-Oriented Computing (ICSOC) Intl. Conf. on Web Services (ICWS) World-Wide Web Conference

26. Chapter 2526Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns Chapter 25 Summary SOC improves our effectiveness in building large-scale systems in open environments Because of openness, SOC systems rely upon trust among components and in dealing with people SOC technologies support aspects of trust: progressing, but not solved Concepts from human ethics can inspire abstractions for designing SOC systems Ethics can help make SOC systems manageable and responsive to human needs