1. Precursors to the modern GIS
Thematic maps in the days before desktop computing
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

2. Ancient maps
This ancient tablet from the 7th century BC depicts the world at the time of Sargon (2300 BC) as a circle surrounded by water, with Babylon at its center (British Museum)
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

3. Early modern physical maps
Gerard Mercator, 1595
Includes 14th c. geographical errors (polar islands, Rumes Nigra)
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

4. Early thematic maps Das Reich der Liebe
Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf. Leipzig, 1777
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

5. Early epidemiological maps
Incidence of an epidemic in Glasgow, Scotland (Perry 1844)
Used color to emphasize the geographical distribution of cases
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

6. An early geo-database MAP OF THE CONTOURS OF LONDON AND ITS ENVIRONS,
SHOWING THE DISTRICTS AND AREAS
SUPPLIED BY
THE NINE METROPOLITAN WATER WORKS' COMPANIES.
By ROBERT W. MYLNE, C.E.,
F.G.S., F.S.A.,
FELLOW INST. BRIT. ARCHITECTS.
Area 176 Square Miles. Scale 1/17032 of nature.
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

7. MAP OF LONDON WATER DISTRICTS (1856)
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

8. The database is in the map legend!
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

9. Snow’s “Grand Experiment”
Water company
Number of houses
Deaths from cholera
Deaths per 10,000 houses
Southwark & Vauxhall
40,046
1,263
315
Lambeth
26,107 98 37
Rest of London
256,423
1,422 59
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

10. Mapping as an analysis tool
John Snow’s map of cholera cases in a neighborhood in London helped pin-point the source:
a cesspool 3’ from the Broad Street public well
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

11. U. S. Atlas of Cancer Mortality
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

12. Jacquiline Tyrwhitt The mother of modern GIS???
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

13. Design with Nature by Ian McHarg (1969)
An early form of thematic layering for environmental impact assessment & planning
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

14. Richmond Parkway Study
Finding the best route for a highway on Staten Island:
“the one that provides the maximum social benefit at the lowest social cost.”
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

15. Physiographic features - 1
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

16. Physiographic features - 2
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

17. CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

18. Land values - 1
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

19. Land values - 2
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

20. CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

21. Final solution:
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

22. McHarg’s Legacy to GIS Multi-thematic maps
Use of a simple (3 level) scale
(Manual) Overlay technique
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b

23. GIS in schools – the McHarg way
CS 128/ES Lecture 1b