1. Physics 003b

2. Seawater Physics Temperature Light Sound Buoyancy Dissolved gasses Waves Tides

3. Temperature

4. Isotherms Lines of equal temperature 60 o 30 o 0o0o 60 o polar temperate tropic temperate

5. Sea Surface Temperature Oct. 2010

6. Sea Surface Temperature

7. 10-24-10 to 10-27-2010

8. TemperatureSalinityDensity Low High Low High LowHigh surface 0 m 200 m 1000 m Thermocline + Halocline = Pycnocline thermoclinepycnoclinehalocline

9. Properties of Light in the Ocean

10. The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum Only green and blue wavelengths pass through water a great distance.

11. Light Absorption in the Ocean Light Intensity –decreases with depth –0-200 m (photic zone) –200-1000m (dysphotic zone) –>1000 (aphotic zone)

12. Light Penetration in the Ocean ~65% of visible light is absorbed in the 1 st m Photic Zone Aphotic Zone No Photosynthesis 200m 0 m Wavelength (nm) 400700600500 Photosynthesis Dysphotic Zone 1000m

13. Light effects organisms residing in the photic and aphotic zone. Phytoplankton productivity Algae- green, brown, red Predator/Prey relationships Diurnal vertical migration Bioluminescence- luminescent organs on underside mimic downwelling light

14. Sound in Water

15. Speed of sound- faster in ocean (higher density) 1500 m/sec, which is 4x faster than in air Difficult to determine direction of sound Can hear many things such as ships miles away, shrimp eating, helicopters overhead, and whales communicating. Sound in Water source of noise

16. Depth (m) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Speed of Sound (m/sec) 1,475 1,500 sofar layer min speed high speed

17. Depth (m) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 SOFAR Channel Distance SOFAR channel sound rays

18. The depth at which the speed of sound is minimum; Thus, loud noises can be heard for thousands of km Sound generated by Navy test in Indian Ocean at sofar layer was heard as far away as the Oregon coast. May affect behavior and anatomy of marine organisms Sofar Layer

19. Blubber Swim bladder Pneumatophore Organisms adaptation to buoyancy in water

20. Air chambers Large liver & heterocercal tail Buoyancy Compensator Device (BCD) Organisms adaptation to buoyancy in water

21. Dissolved Gasses in Seawater

22. Solubility of Gases in Seawater as a Function of Temperature (salinity @ 33 o / oo ) Solubility (ml/l at atmospheric pressure) TemperatureN 2 O 2 CO 2 ( o C). 014.478.148,700 1011.596.428,030 20 9.655.267,350 30 8.264.416,660 Zebra ‘Tidepool’ Blenny

23. Air weighs 14 lbs/in 2 (psi) Absolute pressure is the combined pressure of water and air Depth 0 ft 33 ft 66 ft 99 ft Absolute Pressure 1 atm 14.7 psi 2 atm 29.4 psi 3 atm 44.1 psi 4 atm 58.8 psi Relationship between water depth, pressure, and volume Volume x1 x 1/2 x 1/3 x 1/4

24. Boyle’s Law For any gas at a constant temperature, the volume will vary inversely with absolute pressure while the density will vary with absolute pressure. I.e., volume  with  pressure  pressure  density

25. Henry’s Law When a mixture of gas is in contact w/a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. Gasses can go in and out of solution e.g., open soda, get CO 2 bubbles (CO 2 is under pressure)

26. Dissolved gasses in seawater: SeawaterAir N 2 48%78% O 2 36%21% CO 2 15%0.04% Gasses dissolve most readily in cold water

27. Decompression sickness It is caused when N 2 enters the blood circulation and the tissues. When extra N 2 leaves the tissues, large bubbles form. N 2 bubbles can travel throughout the system and into the lungs and blood routes. Treatment: hyperbaric chamber

28. O 2 Minimum Zone (OMZ)

29. O 2 Content (ml/L) Water depth (m)

30. What causes the O 2 minimum layer? Marine snow

31. Why are there high levels of O 2 at depth?

32. O 2 Dead Zones

34. Surface currents are wind driven currents

36. Ekman Transport Water flow in the Northern hemisphere- 90 o to the right of the wind direction Depth is important

37. Upwelling and downwelling Vertical movement of water (  ) –Upwelling = movement of deep water to surface Hoists cold, nutrient-rich water to surface Produces high productivities and abundant marine life –Downwelling = movement of surface water down Moves warm, nutrient-depleted surface water down Not associated with high productivities or abundant marine life

38. upwelling downwelling

39. Langmuir Circulation

40. 1.Gravitational pull of the moon and sun 2.Centripetal force of the rotating Earth Tides are generated by:

41. the gravitational pull of the moon and sun - moon has 2x greater gravitational pull than the sun - sun is 10 million x more massive than the moon and is 390 times farther away

42. Centripetal force

43. CENTRIPETAL GRAVITATIONAL FORCE GRAVITATIONAL & CENTRIPETAL

44. Diurnal Tide: 24 hr 50 min cycle Semi Diurnal Tide: 12 hr 25 min cycle Mixed Tide: 12 hr 25 min cycle Tidal Cycles

45. High water: a water level maximum ("high tide") Low water: a water level minimum ("low tide") Tidal range: the difference between high and low tide Spring Tide: full moon and new moon (14.77 days) Neap Tide: 1 st quarter and 3 rd quarter (14.77 days) Description of tides Intertidal zone High tide Low tide

46. The monthly tidal cycle (29½ days) About every 7 days, Earth alternates between: –Spring tide Alignment of Earth-Moon-Sun system Lunar and solar bulges constructively interfere Large tidal range –Neap tide Earth-Moon-Sun system at right angles Lunar and solar bulges destructively interfere Small tidal range

47. Earth-Moon-Sun positions and the monthly tidal cycle Spring Tide Highest high tide and lowest low tide Neap Tide Moderate tidal range

50. 6 ft Tidal Range 56 ft

51. The Bay of Fundy: Site of the world’s largest tidal range Tidal energy is focused by shape and shallowness of bay Maximum spring tidal range in Minas Basin = 17 meters (56 feet)

52. Alma at High Tide Alma at Low Tide

53. http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marine bio/mbweb.html Tidal Information HAWAIIAN ISLANDS Mean Spring Mean Tide Station Latitude Longitude Range Range Level Predictions SAND ISLAND, MIDWAY ISLANDS 28° 12.7' 177° 21.6' 0.8 1.2 0.6 PredictionsPredictions Laysan Island 25° 46' 171° 45' 0.7 1.0 0.4 PredictionsPredictions East Island, French Frigate Shoals 23° 47' 166° 13' 0.9 1.4 0.6 PredictionsPredictions Nonopapa, Niihau Island 21° 52' 160° 14' 1.0 1.6 0.7 PredictionsPredictions Kauai Island Waimea Bay 21° 57' 159° 40' 1.0 1.6 0.7 PredictionsPredictions Port Allen, Hanapepe Bay 21° 54' 159° 35' 1.1 1.7 0.7 PredictionsPredictions NAWILIWILI 21° 57.4' 159° 21.6' PredictionsPredictions Hanamaulu Bay 22° 00' 159° 20' 0.0 1.2 1.8 PredictionsPredictions Hanalei Bay 22° 13' 159° 30' 1.3 1.8 0.8 PredictionsPredictions Oahu Island Haleiwa, Waialua Bay 21° 36' 158° 07' - - 1.6 0.7 PredictionsPredictions Waianae 21° 27' 158° 12' 1.2 1.8 0.8 PredictionsPredictions HONOLULU 21° 18' 157° 52' 1.3 2.0 0.8 PredictionsPredictions Hanauma Bay 21° 17' 157° 42' 1.3 1.9 0.8 PredictionsPredictions Waimanalo 21° 20' 157° 42' 1.1 1.8 0.8 PredictionsPredictions MOKUOLOE 21° 26.2' 157° 47.6' 1.2 2.0 1.0 PredictionsPredictions Waikane, Kaneohe Bay 21° 30' 157° 51' 1.4 2.2 1.1 PredictionsPredictions

54. 100m dysphotic aphotic photic

55. Inquiry 1.What zone does photosynthesis occur? 2.Why does light appear to bend when it enters water? 3.Which wavelength of light penetrates the ocean the deepest? 4.What is SOFAR? 5.It’s high tide at 9am with a diurnal tidal cycle. When is the next high tide? 6.What causes the OMZ? 7.How do sharks maintain buoyancy? 8.What areas in the ocean are the most productive? 9.Why is the open ocean considered a biological desert?