1. Variants of parsimony Simply counting the number of changes may not be the most desirable way of calculating parsimony

2. Camin-Sokal parsimony change can only happen in one direction. Reversals are impossible. 11010 1 10 0 0  1

3. Dollo parsimony change in one direction is much more probable than change in the other direction. 11010 1 10 0 0 1

4. Polymorphism parsimony change from a polymorphic state into either monomorphic state is much more probable than change in other directions. 11010 1 10 0 01 1 0 polymorphic (0&1) monomorphic (0) monomorphic (1)

5. Polymorphism parsimony change from a polymorphic state into either monomorphic state is much more probable than change in other directions. 11010 1 10 0 01 1 0 polymorphic (0&1) monomorphic (0) monomorphic (1) polymorphism evolves

6. Polymorphism parsimony change from a polymorphic state into either monomorphic state is much more probable than change in other directions. 11010 1 10 0 01 1 0 polymorphic (0&1) monomorphic (0) monomorphic (1) morph 0 is lost

7. Polymorphism parsimony change from a polymorphic state into either monomorphic state is much more probable than change in other directions. 11010 1 10 0 01 1 0 polymorphic (0&1) monomorphic (0) monomorphic (1) morph 1 is lost

8. Multiple states changes between various states of a character are not equally likely. 012 012 - ∞∞∞ 01-1 ∞ 1 ∞∞ -1 2 ∞∞∞ - Budget Geen items.

9. Multiple states 012 012 -1 ∞∞ 01-1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1-1 2 ∞∞ 1- changes between various states of a character are not equally likely.

10. Weighting characters changes in some characters (or sites) may be less significant than in others. ACAGACCCTAGGTAA weight 341341341341341 codon