1. © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Urbanization in LA  Causes & consequences The urban dual economy Migration – the 3 rd part of the population equation  International within LA  International to/from LA  USA/LA migration

2. © T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME- Questions? Population Geography of LA  Growth  Fertility  Mortality  Age structure Urbanization in LA  Spatial patterns

3. © T. M. Whitmore Roots of urban growth Demographic  R—to—Urban migration  Natural increase Economic  Industrialization  Rural stagnation Organizations  Banks and governments

4. © T. M. Whitmore Benefits from urban growth Efficient provision of social services Cities are centers of information flow and knowledge Concentrated (and better educated?) labor pool Physical infrastructure often better Cities concentrate “human capital” Cities are a huge internal markets Easier linkages between industries Cities are often “better off”

5. © T. M. Whitmore Urban growth I Housing  First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums  Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city Elite  Often close juxtaposition of rich and poorjuxtaposition

6. © T. M. Whitmore Elite housing, Santo Domingo

7. Mexico City country club

8. Mexican stock exchange

9. © T. M. Whitmore Wealthy homes in Morelia

10. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Elite house Cuidad Juarez

11. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

12. © T. M. Whitmore Urban growth II Planned developments Self-help (often squatter) “slum” housing Self-help (often squatter) “slum” housing  Favelas (Brazil), colonias proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc.  Seen as places of permanence  25-40% of total pop in some cities  Initially settlements lack infrastructure  A main characteristic is improvementimprovement New purchased housing

13. Planned new housing area in Mexico City

14. Nezahualcoyotl: Planned housing area in Mexico City

15. Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people

16. Squatter housing in Mexico City

17. Mexico City inner city

18. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Squatters outside Lima

19. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

20. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR

21. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

22. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

23. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

24. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Lima

25. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico

26. © T. M. Whitmore

27. Formal sector housing, Saltillo

28. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

29. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

30. 300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, complex has more than 10,000!

31. © T. M. Whitmore Urban growth III Subsidy and Sink effects Congestion Pollution Loss of urban open space Poor provision of basic servicesservices Ecological impacts & export of problems Ecological Poverty generally Employment not always good

32. Mexico City on a rare clear day

33. More typical Mexico City day

34. © T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo

35. © T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo

36. © T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City

37. © T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City

38. © T. M. Whitmore The urban economy Dual system Dual  Formal Formal  corporate, government, commerce, and major businesses  Minority of jobs?  Informal Informal  services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc.  Majority of jobs?

39. © T. M. Whitmore

41. Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa

42. Informal sector economy

43. © T. M. Whitmore

46. Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo

48. Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers

49. © T. M. Whitmore Migration-the 3 rd part of demography Definitions  More-or-less permanent change in the locus of one’s life  Must cross political boundary “Circulation” a temporary change in residence

50. © T. M. Whitmore Migration — 4 major types 1 st type: International within Latin America 2 nd type: International to and from Latin America 3 rd type rural => rural migration 4 th type rural => urban migration

51. © T. M. Whitmore International migration within Latin Americawithin Mostly labor circulation flows Industrial and urban destinations Rural origin to urban destination

52. © T. M. Whitmore International to and from Latin America Colonial migrations  100s of thousands of Iberians  Forced migration of ~10 m AfricansAfricans 19th century migrations  Europeans to S Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Costa Rica  Asian indentured labor to Caribbean & Guyana, Surinam, etc. Contemporary migrations  Caribbean, Ecuador, “el Norte” CaribbeanEcuadorel Norte

54. © T. M. Whitmore

56. Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish

58. © T. M. Whitmore Example of International migration: Mexicans to US N limits of Mexico  Loss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s Post-Mexican war in 1880s 1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in US => >500k  But small % of all immigrationsmall

59. © T. M. Whitmore Example of International migration: Mexicans to US II 1940s -1960s => Bracero program 1980s and beyond  Issue of illegal (undocumented) Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled since 1880s Spatial patterns of migration Spatial Issue of remittancesremittances