1. Venus

2. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0 days “year” = 224.7 days orbital inclination = 3.39º 0.95 R  0.82 M  0.72 A.U.

3. A bit of background Known since prehistoric times Brightest object in the sky except for the Sun and the Moon It was often thought to be 2 separate bodies - the morning star and the evening star - but the Greeks knew better Galileo observed phases of Venus

4. Visibility

5. Claims to fame Earth’s sister planet: only slightly smaller than Earth; few craters  young surface; densities and chemical comps similar Hottest planet in the solar system one of the 4 main pieces of evidence Galileo presented to support the helocentric model brightest planet in seen from Earth rotates “backwards”

8. Visits Mariner 2 - 1962 Pioneer Venus Venera 7 (Soviet) - 1st spacecraft to land Venera 9 - returned first photos of the surface Magellan - 1st orbiter, produced detailed surface maps using radar Venus Express - ESA - now in orbit more than 20 total, so far

9. Mariner 2 1st probe to fly by Venus - 1962 measured temperature of 800 F, now revised to 900 F cloud-covered atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide

10. Pioneer Venus Inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on Dec. 4, 1978 flat cylinder 2.5m in diameter and 1.2m high All instruments on the forward end total mass of 45 kg 17 experiments… fuel ran out, fell toward Venus, and burned up in atmosphere in August 1992

11. Pioneer Venus

12. a cloud photopolarimeter to measure the vertical distribution of the clouds a surface radar mapper to determine topography and surface characteristics an infrared radiometer to measure IR emissions from the Venus atmosphere an airglow ultraviolet spectrometer to measure scattered and emitted UV light a neutral mass spectrometer to determine the composition of the upper atmosphere

13. Pioneer Venus a solar wind plasma analyzer to measure properties of the solar wind a magnetometer to characterize the magnetic field at Venus an electric field detector to study the solar wind and its interactions an electron temperature probe to study the thermal properties of the ionosphere an ion mass spectrometer to characterize the ionospheric ion population

14. Pioneer Venus a charged particle retarding potential analyzer to study ionospheric particles two radio science experiments to determine the gravity field of Venus a radio occultation experiment to characterize the atmosphere an atmospheric drag experiment to study the upper atmosphere a radio science atmospheric and solar wind turbulence experiment a gamma ray burst detector to record gamma ray bursts

15. Magellan May 1989 - Oct 1994 (commanded to plunge into atmosphere) very detailed radar maps 98% of surface looped around Sun 1.5 times before arriving at Venus Aug 10, 1990 high-res gravity data imaged in strips repeat scans of some strips –“look angle” was different in different scans - allowed construction of 3-d images

16. Venus Express Venus Monioring Camera Analyser of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms Planetary Fourier Spectrometer V/UV/NIR mapping spectrometer Venus Radio Science Experiment UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer

17. Atmosphere Surface pressure is 90 atmospheres (about the same as the pressure at a depth of 1 km in Earth’s oceans) mostly CO 2 Several layers of clouds many km thick composed of sulfuric acid (the acid in acid rain) runaway greenhouse effect (temperature at the surface is hot enough to melt lead)

18. Atmosphere

20. Structure

21. Surface features Probably had large amounts of water, but it has since boiled away still volcanically active pancake volcanoes - eruptions of very thick lava coronae - collapsed domes over large magma chambers large shield volcanos

22. Surface features no small craters - small objects burn up in atmosphere craters come in bunches, indicating that meteors break up in atmosphere arachnoids - molten rock seeping into surface features? “graph paper” - faults or fractures?

23. Pancake volcanoes

25. Shield volcanoes Sif Mons

26. Selu corona

27. Arachnoids

28. Aphrodite Terra Ridges indicate repeated compression and buckling. Dark areas represent regions that have been flooded by lava

29. Lava flows - cracks in Venus’ surface

30. “Graph paper” fainter lines are spaced at about 1km

31. Photo from surface

32. 3-d maps of surface (Lakshmi Ishtar terra)

33. 3-d maps of surface (Gula Mons and Eistla Rift)

34. Terrain map