1. Advanced Placement Environmental Science La Canada High School Dr. E
Solid and Hazardous Waste Chapters 22 Living in the Environment, 11th Edition, Miller
Advanced Placement Environmental Science
La Canada High School
Dr. E

2. United States Wasting Resources 4.6% of the world's population
33% of the world's solid waste
75% of its hazardous waste

3. Solid Waste Source Reduction Reuse Recycling Composting Landfills
Hazardous Waste
Superfund Sites

4. Solid Waste 98.5% is from 1.5% is municipal solid waste (MSW)
1. Mining
2. Oil and gas production
3. Agriculture
4. Sewage treatment
5. Industry
1.5% is municipal solid waste (MSW)

5. Solid Waste Problems Disease (Rodent and pest reduction)
Fire potential
Decrease in the aesthetic quality of the environment
www2.tltc.ttu.edu/jackson/solid%20waste.ppt

6. Municipal Solid Waste
MSW—more commonly known as trash or garbage—consists of everyday items
Product packaging
Grass clippings
Furniture
Clothing
Bottles
Food scraps
Newspapers
Appliances
Paint
Batteries

7. *Includes rubber and textiles
Source: EPA Office of Solid Waste, Municipal Solid Waste Fact Sheet

8. MSW
In 1999, U.S. residents, businesses, and institutions produced more than million tons of MSW
Approximately 4.6 pounds of waste per person per day (1680 pounds/year)
Up from 2.7 pounds per person per day in 1960

10. MSW
Several MSW management practices prevent or divert materials from the wastestream
Source reduction
Reuse
Recycling
Composting

11. Agriculture Waste Livestock produce sewage
200,000 hens, 1200 head of cattle in a feedlot, & 10,500 hogs may produce as much waste as 20,000 people
In the U.S., there are 337 million hen, 96.1 million head of cattle & 58.7 million hogs which produce twice as much sewage as all the humans in the U.S.

12. Source Reduction Solid Waste Reuse Recycling Composting Landfills
Hazardous Waste
Superfund Sites

13. Source Reduction
Source reduction (waste prevention) means consuming and throwing away less
Purchasing durable, long-lasting goods
Seeking products and packaging that are as free of toxins as possible

14. Source Reduction May be as complex as redesigning a product
use less raw material in production
have a longer life
be used again after its original use is completed
Source reduction actually prevents the generation of waste in the first place, it is the most preferable method of waste management and goes a long way toward protecting the environment

15. Source Reduction
Since 1977, the weight of 2-liter plastic soft drink bottles has been reduced from 68 grams each to 51 grams
That means that 250 million pounds of plastic per year has been kept out of the waste stream

16. Reuse Solid Waste Source Reduction Recycling Composting Landfills
Hazardous Waste
Superfund Sites

17. Reuse
Reusing items by repairing them, donating them to charity and community groups, or selling them
Use a product more than once, either for the same purpose or for a different purpose
Reusing, when possible, is preferable to recycling because the item does not need to be reprocessed before it can be used again

18. Ways to Reuse Using durable coffee mugs Using cloth napkins or towels
Refilling bottles
Donating old magazines or surplus equipment
Reusing boxes
Turning empty jars into containers for leftover food
Purchasing refillable pens and pencils
Participating in a paint collection and reuse program

19. Recycling Solid Waste Source Reduction Reuse Composting Landfills
Hazardous Waste
Superfund Sites

20. Recycling
Recycling, including composting, diverted 64 million tons of material away from landfills and incinerators in 1999, up from 34 million tons in 1990
Typical materials that are recycled include batteries, recycled at a rate of 96.9%, paper and paperboard at %, and yard trimmings at 45.3%
These materials and others may be recycled through curbside programs, drop-off centers, buy-back programs, and deposit systems

23. Benefits
Recycling
Prevents the emission of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants
Saves energy, supplies valuable raw materials to industry
Creates jobs
Stimulates the development of greener technologies
Conserves resources for our children’s future
Reduces the need for new landfills and combustors
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions that affect global climate
In 1996, prevented the release of 33 million tons of carbon into the air—roughly the amount emitted annually by 25 million cars.

25. Composting Solid Waste Source Reduction Reuse Recycling Landfills
Hazardous Waste
Superfund Sites

26. Composting
Composting is the controlled biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food and yard wastes, into humus, a soil-like material
Composting is nature's way of recycling organic wastes into new soil used in vegetable and flower gardens, landscaping, and many other applications

29. Benefits Composting Keeps organic wastes out of landfills
Provides nutrients to the soil
Increases beneficial soil organisms (e.g., worms and centipedes)
Suppresses certain plant diseases
Reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticides
Protects soils from erosion
Assists pollution remediation

31. California Waste Diversion

32. Landfills Solid Waste Source Reduction Reuse Recycling Composting
Hazardous Waste
Superfund Sites

33. Landfills
Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), landfills that accept MSW are primarily regulated by state, tribal, and local governments
EPA, however, has established national standards these landfills must meet in order to stay open
The number of landfills in the United States is steadily decreasing—from 8,000 in 1988 to 2,300 in 1999
The capacity, however, has remained relatively constant
New landfills are much larger than in the past

34. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was enacted by Congress in 1976 and amended in 1984.
The act's primary goal is to protect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal.
In addition, RCRA calls for conservation of energy and natural resources, reduction in waste generated, and environmentally sound waste management practices.

36. Federal Landfill Standards
Location restrictions ensure that landfills are built in suitable geological areas away from faults, wetlands, flood plains, or other restricted areas
Liners are geomembrane or plastic sheets reinforced with two feet of clay on the bottom and sides of landfills

37. Landfill Design
The bottom liner may be layers of clay or other synthetic material (clay, plastic, or composite), which is placed on compacted soil.
The bottom of the landfill is sloped and pipes along the bottom collect leachate. This leachate collections system must be very carefully planned and built by engineers. It is usually a system of pipes. (These pipes are among a gravel and sand layer.) The leachate is then pumped away and treated at a plant.
Trash is dumped onto the landfill and consistently layered with soil to promote safer and better decomposition.
A cover is placed over the landfill to keep water out (to prevent eventual leachate formation).
Landfills also must have a system to dispose of methane gas. The structure of this system must be carefully engineered.

38. Landfill Design

39. Federal Landfill Standards
Operating practices such as compacting and covering waste frequently with several inches of soil help reduce odor; control litter, insects, and rodents; and protect public health
Groundwater monitoring requires testing groundwater wells to determine whether waste materials have escaped from the landfill

40. Federal Landfill Standards
Closure and postclosure care include covering landfills and providing long-term care of closed landfills
Corrective action controls and cleans up landfill releases and achieves groundwater protection standards
Financial assurance provides funding for environmental protection during and after landfill closure (i.e., closure and postclosure care)

42. Hazardous Waste Solid Waste Source Reduction Reuse Recycling
Composting
Landfills
Hazardous Waste
Superfund Sites

43. Household Hazardous Waste
Common household items such as paints, cleaners, oils, batteries, and pesticides contain hazardous components
Labels – danger, warning, caution, toxic, corrosive, flammable, or poison identify products that might contain hazardous materials
Leftover portions of these products are called household hazardous waste (HHW)
These products, if mishandled, can be dangerous to your health and the environment

44. HW Facts and Figures
Americans generate 1.6 million tons of HHW per year
The average home can accumulate as much as 100 pounds of HHW in the basement and garage and in storage closets
During the 1980s, many communities started special collection days or permanent collection sites for handling HHW
In 1997, there were more than 3,000 HHW permanent programs and collection events throughout the United States

45. Proper Handling
The best way to handle HHW is to reduce the amount initially generated by giving leftover products to someone else to use
To deal with household hazardous waste, many communities have set up collection programs to prevent HHW from being disposed of in MSW landfills and combustors – Glendale
These programs ensure the safe disposal of HHW in facilities designed to treat or dispose of hazardous waste
More than 3,000 HHW collection programs exist in the United States

46. Benefits Proper HHW Management
Reduction and recycling of HHW conserves resources and energy that would be expended in the production of more products
Reuse of hazardous household products can save money and reduce the need for generating hazardous substances
Proper disposal prevents pollution that could endanger human health and the environment

47. Superfund Sites Solid Waste Source Reduction Reuse Recycling
Composting
Landfills
Hazardous Waste
Superfund Sites

48. About Superfund
Years ago, people were less aware of how dumping chemical wastes might affect public health and the environment
On thousands of properties where such practices were intensive or continuous, the result was uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites, such as abandoned warehouses and landfills

49. About Superfund
Citizen concern over the extent of this problem led Congress to establish the Superfund Program in 1980 to locate, investigate, and clean up the worst sites nationwide
The EPA administers the Superfund program in cooperation with individual states and tribal governments
The office that oversees management of the program is the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR)

50. Superfund Legislation
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liabilities Act (CERCLA); 1980
“Superfund” to clean up abandoned sites
Hazard Ranking System (HRS)
National Priority List (NPL)
Reauthorized in 1986 (SARA)

51. Intended as a solution to those previously contaminated sites with no-one to pay (no PRPs)
Two levels
Emergency response
immediate threat to human health or environment
Long term remediation
if Hazard Ranking System (HRS) shows a score over 27.5, it is added to the National Priorities List (NPL) for Superfund cleanup
1300 sites on NPL in 1990, more to come

52. The Baird & McGuire Site is ranked by the EPA as the 14th worst site in the nation out of over 2,000 Superfund sites

53. Local Superfund Sites BURBANK ALUMINUM DIP BRAZE CO
ALUMTREATBRASS PROD CO
BURBANK STEEL TREATING INC
CIRCUIT CRAFT CO
DUNRITE METAL PLATING
HASKELL INCITT GENERAL CONTROLS CORP.
LOCKHEED CAL. COMPANY PLANT A1
LOCKHEED CALIF PLT B1 WASTE TREATMENT
PAC AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CTR
PACIFIC AIRMOTIVE
PACIFIC AIRMOTIVE
RAILCHEMWESTERN PACIFIC CIRCUITSZERO CORP
GLENDALE
AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS INCDRILUBE CO
GLENDALE PUBLIC SERV DEPT
NEWELL PACIFIC AIRMOTIVE
PASADENA
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECH HOT LAB
HUNTINGTON DESK
PASADENA WATER & POWER DEPT